Maternal Mental Health and Its Influence on Children’s Early Development

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dc.creatorTahir-Chowdhry, Mahreen
dc.creatorHentschel, Elizabeth
dc.creatorTomlinson, Heather
dc.creatorAnsari, Amna
dc.creatorHasan, Amer
dc.creatorYousafzai, Aisha
dc.creatorHussain, Naveed
dc.date2024-11-20T21:57:57Z
dc.date2024-11-20T21:57:57Z
dc.date2024-11-20
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:32:58Z
dc.descriptionThis paper reports on the prevalence of three facets of mental health—depression, anxiety, and parenting stress—among mothers of children ages 0–6 years in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data from mother-child dyads were analyzed to examine differences in maternal mental health and early childhood development outcomes by maternal educational attainment, urban versus rural setting, and refugee versus non-refugee status. The analysis finds a higher prevalence of self-reported mental health concerns among refugee, less-educated, and rural mothers relative to non-refugee, more-educated, and urban mothers. Maternal mental health concerns are significantly associated with lower levels of early childhood development. This paper also analyzes how exposure to stressors such as food insecurity, financial insecurity, being impacted by flooding, community crime, discrimination, and domestic violence exacerbate both maternal mental health and child outcomes. The regression analyses indicate a significant and negative compounding interaction of maternal depression, anxiety, and parenting stress on early childhood development for younger (0–3 years) and older (3–6 years) children, even after controlling for stressors and other covariates. Policy improvements are needed that focus on at-risk communities, providing mental health services and reducing exposure to stressors within communities and households.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099533311142427027/IDU1b32a53de1613114eb1195bc1e2e662f861f0
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/42445
dc.identifier10.1596/1813-9450-10975
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/405867
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWashington, DC: World Bank
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper; 10975
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectEARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (ECD)
dc.subjectDEPRESSION
dc.subjectANXIETY
dc.subjectPARENTING STRESS
dc.subjectFRAGILE, CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE-AFFECTED (FCV)
dc.subjectREFUGEES
dc.titleMaternal Mental Health and Its Influence on Children’s Early Development
dc.titleEvidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
dc.typeWorking Paper

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