Myanmar
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World Bank, Yangon
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This report was prepared by the World
Bank in partnership with the Livelihoods and Food Security
Multi-Donor Trust Fund (LIFT). Both the World Bank and the
LIFT are actively involved in supporting Myanmar’s
agriculture sector given its significance in poverty
reduction and food security, and they both consider the lack
of reliable farm data to be a significant constraint to
designing effective programs and policies. This report fills
some of the data gaps. In addition to presenting the
collected data, the report offers the first analysis of
these data. It focuses on the assessment of the extent of
crop diversification and an analysis of farm production
economics, in particular (partial factor) productivity of
agricultural land and labor and crop profitability. This
focus was chosen to study Myanmar’s commercial production
areas and to facilitate international comparisons, as most
international studies follow a similar approach, focusing on
advanced farmers in commercial production areas. The four
main findings of the report are as follows: (i) Myanmar’s
farming systems are diversified and during the monsoon
season most farms produce paddy, during the cool and dry
seasons most farms produce crops other than paddy, mainly
beans and pulses, oilseeds, and maize; (ii) the analysis
reconfirmed that agricultural productivity in Myanmar is
low, irrespective of what indicators are used, limiting the
sector’s contribution to poverty reduction and shared
prosperity; (iii) low productivity is a result of multiple
factors, many of them associated with the undersupply of
quality public services such as research, extension, and
rural infrastructure, in delivery of which the government
has a key role to play; and (iv) going forward and given
that paddy is less profitable and more costly to produce
than other crops in most agro-ecological zones, especially
during the cool and dry seasons, it is desirable to redesign
public programs from exclusive support of paddy production
to support for broad-based agricultural development.
Palabras clave
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RICE PRICES, PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT, POULTRY, GARLIC, DUNG, CULTIVATED VARIETY, POOR SOIL FERTILITY, FERTILIZER, FARMER, CROP PROFITABILITY, BEANS, RICE PRICE, GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, DRY SEASONS, HYBRID SEED, PESTICIDE, LABOR FORCE, ANIMALS, FARM MANAGEMENT, CONTRACT FARMING ARRANGEMENTS, PLANTING, PRODUCTION COST, FARM ENTERPRISE, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, RICE CROP, FARM INCOME, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HYBRID RICE VARIETIES, FERTILIZERS, INDUSTRIAL CROPS, HARVESTING EQUIPMENT, MAIZE, PLANTS, CROP YIELD, SUNFLOWER, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENTS, CROP PRODUCTION, SPRING, ECOLOGICAL ZONE, PRODUCTION SYSTEM, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, LABOR COSTS, QUALITY SEED, HYBRID RICE, GROUNDNUT, SEEDS, SOIL EROSION, SESAME, INCIDENCE OF PESTS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LANDLESS LABORERS, SEEDBED PREPARATION, CROP DIVERSIFICATION, WEED CONTROL, INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, SEED, PADDY, DRAINAGE, FRUITS, HERBICIDES, TILLERS, INDICATORS, FARMING, POULTRY INDUSTRY, FARMERS, PLOWING, TOBACCO, CROPS, SOYBEAN, PEAS, PRODUCE, TRANSPLANTING, HYBRID SEEDS, OIL CROPS, STRAW, PADDY YIELDS, FOOD SECURITY, CROP, SEEDLINGS, SEED SECTOR, PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, AQUACULTURE, RICE YIELDS, RICE CROPS, CULTIVATION, RICE AREAS, MILLET, MAIZE PRODUCTION, REPORTS, HARVESTERS, CROPPING, HORTICULTURE, FAO, DRY SEASON, AGRICULTURAL LAND, CHEMICAL INPUTS, SOWING, RICE PRODUCTION, RICE PLANTS, RICE RESEARCH, FERTILIZER USE, FARM WORK, HARVESTING, WEEDS, CULTIVAR, IRRI, MIXED CROPPING, SUNFLOWER SEEDS, FARM INCOMES, FISHERIES, BAMBOO, GROUNDNUTS, SUNFLOWERS, POTATOES, PLANT HEALTH, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, ECOSYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL LABOR, SPACING, HECTARE OF PADDY, CORN, FARM, RA, OILSEED CROPS, CONTRACT FARMING, FARMS, OILSEEDS, RICE CULTIVATION, RICE VARIETIES, SEED PRODUCTION, CHICKPEAS, COOPERATIVES, AVERAGE YIELDS, WHEAT, SOILS, SOIL TYPES, DRY LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, CAPITA RICE CONSUMPTION, FARM LAND, RICE, YIELDS, SOIL FERTILITY, CROPPING INTENSITY, CROP MANAGEMENT, RICE FIELDS, FARMING SYSTEMS, RICE MILLS, WATER SOURCE, PULSES, COMMODITY, PLANTING MATERIALS, SOIL QUALITY, TILLAGE, PRODUCTION COSTS, HARVESTS