Trade, Environmental Regulations and the World Trade Organization: New Empirical Evidence

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dc.creatorBusse, Matthias
dc.date2013-06-25T16:05:37Z
dc.date2013-06-25T16:05:37Z
dc.date2004-07
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:31:16Z
dc.descriptionThe paper empirically explores the linkages between environmental regulations and international trade flows. So far, empirical studies either have failed to find any close statistical relationship or have delivered questionable results due to data limitations. Using a comprehensive new database for environmental regulations across countries, a thorough empirical investigation of that linkage for 119 countries and five high-polluting industries is performed. No evidence is found to support the pollution hypothesis that industries facing above-average abatement costs with environmental regulations would prefer pollution havens and relocate their activities. The exception is iron and steel products, where a negative and statistically significant link is established, implying that higher compliance with international treaties and conventions and more stringent regulations are associated with reduced net exports. High-income countries, where environmental regulations are usually more stringent in comparison to middle or low income countries, have experienced a considerable decline in the export-import ratio of iron and steel products since the late 1970s. There is no clear evidence that national governments choose sub-optimal policies that result in insufficient regulations, so the case for environmental standards within the WTO framework is relatively weak.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/07/4986997/trade-environmental-regulations-world-trade-organization-new-empirical-evidence
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/14171
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3361
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/418859
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, D.C.
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No.3361
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectABATEMENT
dc.subjectABATEMENT COSTS
dc.subjectACID RAIN
dc.subjectAIR QUALITY
dc.subjectASYMMETRIC INFORMATION
dc.subjectCAPITAL GOODS
dc.subjectCLIMATE CHANGE
dc.subjectCOAL
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCOMPLIANCE COSTS
dc.subjectCOST SAVINGS
dc.subjectDAMAGES
dc.subjectDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectDISPUTE RESOLUTION
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectECONOMICS RESEARCH
dc.subjectECONOMISTS
dc.subjectEMISSIONS
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
dc.subjectEMPIRICAL STUDIES
dc.subjectENDANGERED SPECIES
dc.subjectENFORCEABLE PROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL LAW
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectGLOBAL TRADE
dc.subjectGLOBAL WARMING
dc.subjectIMPORTS
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINCOMPLETE MARKETS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectIRON
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLAND USE
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectMARKET FAILURE
dc.subjectMETALS
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL RULES
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM
dc.subjectNATIONAL INCOME
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectNET EXPORTS
dc.subjectOIL
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOLLUTION ABATEMENT
dc.subjectPOLLUTION LEVELS
dc.subjectPRODUCERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTION COSTS
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSCALE EFFECT
dc.subjectSOCIAL COSTS
dc.subjectSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectTOTAL COSTS
dc.subjectTRADE BARRIERS
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectTRADE RESTRICTIONS
dc.subjectTREATIES
dc.subjectVAN
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO TRADE
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectGENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS & TRADE
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
dc.titleTrade, Environmental Regulations and the World Trade Organization: New Empirical Evidence

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