Mainstreaming Environment and Climate Change in the Implementation of Poverty Reduction Strategies
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Poverty reduction strategies (PRSs)
provide a central framework for macroeconomic, structural,
and social policies in developing countries. Because of the
numerous and complex links between environment and poverty,
it is important that environmental issues are taken into
account in the PRS process. This paper follows six previous
assessments of the degree of mainstreaming environment in
the PRS process using a similar methodology to present
trends and provide an understanding of the effectiveness of
environmental interventions in reducing poverty. However, it
goes beyond previous assessments in three important ways.
In-depth country case studies of the evolution of
environmental mainstreaming in the PRS process over time.
Many countries have now gone through several iterations of
their poverty reduction strategies and have received a
sequence of credits designed to implement key aspects of
these strategies, making it possible to see how the process
of mainstreaming environment in the strategies has evolved
over time. In this assessment, the authors conduct detailed
case studies of this evolution in Ghana, Albania,
Bangladesh, and Vietnam. The choice of countries was based
on the maturity of each country's PRS process, taking
into consideration country size, lending volume, and
vulnerability to climate change. An assessment of climate
change mainstreaming in the PRS process in the same four
countries. Like environment as a whole, the potential
impacts of climate change have often been considered
separately, if at all rather than as an integral part of
development policies. An evaluation of environmental
development policy loans (DPLs) in several middle income
countries (Brazil, Gabon, and Mexico). DPLs represent an
important opportunity to mainstream environment and climate
change into middle-income countries' growth and
development. This review assesses the process by which
environmental DPLs have been prepared and the effectiveness
with which they have been implemented.
Palabras clave
AFFORESTATION, AFFORESTATION PROJECTS, AGENDA 21, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, ALTITUDE, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOGAS, BUFFER ZONES, CALCULATION, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON OFFSETS, CARBON SINKS, CARBON TAX, CARBON TRADING, CASE STUDIES, CENTRAL PLANNING, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN FUELS, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES, CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY, CLIMATE CHANGES, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, CLIMATIC PARAMETERS, CLIMATIC VARIABILITY, COAL, COAL MINING, COASTAL AREAS, CONSERVATION, CONSTRUCTION, CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CONVERGENCE, CROP PRODUCTION, CROPS, CYCLONES, DAMS, DECISION MAKING, DEFORESTATION, DEGRADED FOREST, DESERTIFICATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISCHARGE, DIVERGENCE, DRINKING WATER, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC FACTORS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEMS, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRICITY, EMISSION, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EROSION, EXTREME CLIMATIC EVENTS, EXTREME DROUGHT, EXTREME EVENTS, EXTREME WEATHER, EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS, FARMS, FERTILIZERS, FINANCIAL POLICIES, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FISHERIES, FISHING, FLOOD PROTECTION, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOREST, FOREST AREAS, FOREST COVER, FOREST COVERAGE, FOREST LANDS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST POLICY, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST RESOURCES, FORESTRY, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, FOSSIL FUELS, GHGS, GLACIERS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY, GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE EFFECT, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GREENHOUSE WARMING, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HOUSING, HURRICANES, ICE CAPS, ICE SHEETS, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, INCANDESCENT BULBS, INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, INDUSTRIAL WASTES, INVASIVE SPECIES, IPCC, JOBS, LAND AREA, LAND COVER, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE, LANDFILLS, LOGGING, MANGROVE FORESTS, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MITIGATION, MONETARY FUND, MOUNTAIN GLACIERS, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUTRIENT CYCLING, OCEAN WATER, OVERGRAZING, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, PASTURES, PETROLEUM, PLANTATION, POLAR ICE, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLLUTION, POPULATION DENSITIES, PORTFOLIO, POWER GENERATION, PRECIPITATION, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC LANDS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINFALL VARIABILITY, RANGES, RATES OF DEFORESTATION, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESERVOIRS, RESIDENTIAL HOUSING, RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RESPECT, RESTORATION, RIVER, RUNOFF, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SALINITY, SAND, SEA LEVEL RISE, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOIL DEGRADATION, SOILS, SPECIES, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE, SUSTAINABLE USE OF FOREST, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TEMPERATURE, TIMBER, TOXIC SUBSTANCES, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER POLLUTION, WATER PRICING, WATER QUALITY, WATERSHED, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, WAVES, WETLANDS, WILDLIFE, WIND