Accounting for Mexican Income Inequality during the 1990s
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The author implements several inequality
decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total
household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral
asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results
show that at least half of total household inequality in
Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from
entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely
scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that
education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among
the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market
returns to schooling associated with increases in
inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education
explain around 20 percent of overall household income
disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the
proportion of inequality attributable to education
endowments increases during stable periods and reduces
during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in
returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution
of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose
within-sector income differences, the author finds that
skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of
earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of
dispersion in other income sources.
Palabras clave
ADVERSE EFFECT, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AVERAGE ANNUAL, AVERAGE INCOME, COUNTERFACTUAL, DEBT, DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS, DECOMPOSITION RESULTS, DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, DEVALUATION, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT, EARNING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC ORDER, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, EXPECTED VALUE, EXPLANATORY VARIABLES, EXPORTS, FACTOR COMPONENTS, FREE TRADE, FUNCTIONAL FORM, FUTURE RESEARCH, GDP, GINI COEFFICIENT, GROWING ECONOMY, GROWTH DATA, HIGH INCOME, HIGH INCOME INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME, INCOME COMPONENTS, INCOME DIFFERENCES, INCOME DISPARITIES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME EQUATION, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME QUINTILES, INCOME SOURCE, INCOME SOURCES, INCOMES, INEQUALITY AVERSION, INEQUALITY AVERSION PARAMETER, INEQUALITY CHANGES, INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION, INEQUALITY INDEX, INEQUALITY LEVELS, INEQUALITY MEASURE, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INEQUALITY TRENDS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LORENZ CURVE, MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT, MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MIDDLE CLASS, NATURAL DECOMPOSITION, NEGATIVE EFFECT, NEGATIVE SHOCK, PER CAPITA INCOMES, PERSONAL INCOME, POLICY RESEARCH, POOR, POSITIVE EFFECT, POSITIVE IMPACT, POVERTY LINES, PRICE CHANGES, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTION INPUTS, REAL INCOME, REAL INCOMES, REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES, REGIONAL DUMMIES, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, REGRESSION RESULTS, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, RELATIVE WAGES, REMUNERATION, REMUNERATIONS, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SURVEY DESIGN, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE REFORMS, UNEMPLOYMENT, WELFARE ECONOMICS