Pathways from Jobs to Social Cohesion
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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There is growing recognition that access
to good jobs is an important driver of social cohesion.
While economic dimensions of labor market outcomes are
relatively well documented, evidence on the link between
social cohesion and jobs is still surprisingly scarce. This
paper, based on an earlier background report for the WDR
2013, presents empirical evidence for pathways between labor
market outcomes and social cohesion. The findings indicate
that formal employment is associated with a range of social
outcomes and behaviors that are typically associated with
higher levels of social cohesion. However, there are also
indications that this relationship varies across dimensions
of social wellbeing. In particular social interactions and
political activism among those in regular employment can
either improve the quality of aggregate institutions or
deepen existing social divides.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ACTIVE EMPLOYMENT, ACTIVE LABOR, ADOLESCENTS, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, BULLETIN, BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CITIES, CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL WAR, COLLECTIVE ACTION, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMPETITIVE LABOR MARKETS, CRIME, CRIMES, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMOCRACY, DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENTS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DIVISION OF LABOR, DIVORCE, DRUG ABUSE, EARNING, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC CHANGES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC COSTS, ECONOMIC CRISES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC INSECURITY, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC MOBILITY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ECONOMIC THEORY, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT HISTORIES, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, EMPLOYMENT POLICIES, EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY, EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION, EMPLOYMENT SITUATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EQUAL PARTICIPATION, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXCESSIVE REGULATION, EXTERNALITIES, FAIR, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY STRUCTURES, FEMALE, GENDER, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER NORMS, GHETTOS, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, HABITAT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HOUSING POLICY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, ILLNESS, IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT, INCOME, INCOME INEQUALITY, INFLATION, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, JOB SECURITY, JOBS, LABOR LAWS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKET REFORMS, LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS, LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION, LABOR MARKET TRAINING, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR REGULATIONS, LABOR RELATIONS, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES, LIVING STANDARDS, MARKET ANALYSIS, MARKET DEVELOPMENTS, MARKET DISTORTIONS, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKET TRENDS, MASS MEDIA, MODERNIZATION, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POLICY, NEIGHBORHOOD, NEIGHBORHOODS, NEIGHBOURHOODS, OCCUPATION, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, OCCUPATIONS, PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ARENA, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, PRECEDING DISCUSSION, PRIMARY SOURCE, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, PUBLIC POLICY, QUALITATIVE APPROACH, QUALITY OF LIFE, RACIAL INEQUALITIES, REFUGEES, REGULAR EMPLOYMENT, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, RESPECT, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, ROLE MODELS, SELF-ESTEEM, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL BARRIERS, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL CLASS, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL CONFLICT, SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES, SOCIAL COSTS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL INCLUSION, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS, SOCIOLOGISTS, SPREAD, STAGFLATION, STATEMENT OF COMMITMENT, SUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENT, SUBSIDIZED JOBS, SURPLUS, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, TEMPORARY JOBS, TEMPORARY WORKERS, TOLERANCE, TRADE UNIONS, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, URBAN POVERTY, VOLATILITY, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WAGE INEQUALITIES, WAGES, WAR, WELFARE RECIPIENTS, WELL-FUNCTIONING LABOR MARKETS, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, YOUNG WORKERS, YOUTH