Tajikistan - Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change : Economic Opportunities and Institutional Constraints for Farming Households
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Washington, DC
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Climate change presents significant
threats to sustainable poverty reduction in Tajikistan. The
primary impacts on rural livelihoods are expected to stem
from reduced water quantity and quality (affecting
agriculture), and increased frequency and severity of
disasters. Options for farming households to autonomously
adapt (and thereby move from climate vulnerability to
resilience) include adoption of on-farm and off-farm
measures. Farmland restructuring and the promotion of
innovative rural production and land management measures
have the potential to incentivize productivity and
sustainable practices and reduce vulnerability, but
achieving these objectives will rest on the behavioral
responses of beneficiaries. In this context, assessing
existing practices, as well as understanding institutional
constraints to adaptation is crucial to improving economic
opportunities for Tajik households and reducing
vulnerability through well-designed interventions. This note
examines the role of institutional factors (land tenure,
legal security, and gender agency) in autonomous adaptation
and improved resilience of rural communities through
strategies for coping with climate-related shocks,
sustainable land management practices, and income
diversification. The note analyzes the extent to which
differences in land rights are associated with differences
in adaptation strategies and outcomes. The study focuses on
two of Tajikistan s four main administrative divisions:
Khatlon and Sughd districts. This note relies on a survey of
farming households and a qualitative study that were
undertaken specifically for this analysis. The note is
structured as follows: section one give introduction.
Section two describes land tenure arrangements,
gender-related constraints, and sustainable land management
practices in Tajikistan. Section three discusses the shocks
experienced by households and the coping strategies used
(including on-farm and off-farm strategies). Section four
analyzes the determinants of knowledge and adoption of
sustainable land management practices and on-farm
investment. Section five concludes with policy
recommendations to enable effective climate change
adaptation by farming households.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO IRRIGATION, ACCESS TO JUSTICE, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURE, ARABLE LAND, CLIMATE CHANGE, COLLECTIVE FARMS, COLLECTIVE LAND, COMMON PROPERTY, COMMUNITY LAND, COOPERATIVE FARMS, COPING STRATEGY, CREDIT MARKETS, CROP DIVERSITY, CROP ROTATION, CROP YIELDS, CROPS, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, DISEASES, DRAINAGE, DRIP IRRIGATION, DROUGHT, DRY SEASON, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS, EGALITARIAN AGRARIAN STRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EQUIPMENT, EXTENSION, EXTENSION SERVICES, FAMILY FARMS, FARM DECISIONS, FARM EMPLOYMENT, FARM IRRIGATION, FARM PRACTICES, FARM PROCESSING, FARM PRODUCTION, FARM PRODUCTS, FARM SIZE, FARM WORK, FARM WORKERS, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMLAND, FARMS, FEMALE FARMERS, FEMALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FERTILIZERS, FODDER, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD SECURITY, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FORESTRY SECTOR, GENDER, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD PLOTS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSING, HUMAN RIGHTS, HUNGER, IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS, INCOMES, INEQUALITY, INFORMATION NETWORKS, INSURANCE, IRRIGATION, LACK OF FINANCE, LACK OF INCENTIVES, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND HOLDINGS, LAND LAW, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND REFORM, LAND REFORM PROCESSES, LAND REFORMS, LAND RESOURCES, LAND RIGHTS, LAND TENURE, LAND TITLING, LAND-MANAGEMENT, LIVELIHOODS, LIVESTOCK, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL FARMERS, LOW INCOME, MAJORITY OF FARMERS, MEAT, MILK, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, NATURAL DISASTERS, NGOS, ORGANIC PRODUCTION, ORGANIC PRODUCTION METHODS, PASTURE MANAGEMENT, PESTS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR SOIL QUALITY, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENTS, QUALITATIVE DATA, REDUCED EXPENDITURES, REGIONAL CLIMATE, REGIONAL OFFICE, REGIONAL RISK, RISK MANAGEMENT, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL FAMILIES, RURAL FAMILY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL INVESTMENT, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, RURAL PEOPLE, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL VULNERABILITY, RURAL WOMEN, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SMALL FARMERS, SMALL FARMS, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, SOILS, SUBSISTENCE, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, WAR, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER FOR IRRIGATION, WATER RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLIES, WATER USE, WATER USERS, WORKING CONDITIONS