Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Transition Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The authors review the role of land
policies in the evolving farm structure of transition
countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). They show how
different policies for land property rights, degrees of
control of land rental and sale markets, and procedures for
restructuring former collective or state farms resulted in
significantly different farm structures in CEE countries
compared with those in the CIS. In particular, secure land
rights, greater emphasis on indivualization of land, and
more liberal land market policies in CEE generated a farming
sector with a relatively large share of family farms and
viable corporate farms. On the other hand, limited tenure
security, ineffective individualization of land rights, and
restrictive land policies in most of the CIS produced a
farming structure dominated by large and generally nonviable
jointly-owned farms that function much like the old
collective farms. Family farms are slow to emerge in
transition countries with inadequate land policies. The
agricultural sector in countries dominated by inefficient
farm organizations is characterized by low productivity and
misallocation of resources.
Palabras clave
TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES, FARM MANAGEMENT, FARM LANDS, CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES, MARKET ECONOMY, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ECONOMIC ASPECTS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND TRANSFERS, LAND TENURE, TENANT FARMERS, RESTITUTION, LAND PRODUCTIVITY, LAND REDISTRIBUTION, PRIVATIZATION, LAND ALLOTMENT, ALLOCATION OF LAND, RESTRUCTURING, CORPORATE FARMS, LAND RESTORATION, REORGANIZATION, LABOR RELATIONS, INDIVIDUALIZATION, COLLECTIVE FARMING, AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS, AGRICULTURE, ARABLE LAND, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, CENTRAL PLANNING, CERTAIN EXTENT, COMMAND ECONOMY, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, COTTON, CROPS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ECONOMIC ORDER, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMICS, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, EMPLOYMENT, FAO, FARM STRUCTURES, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMS, FAST POPULATION GROWTH, FEED, GDP, GNP, GNP PER CAPITA, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH RATE, IMPORTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEFFICIENCY, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, IRRIGATION, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAND MARKETS, LAND REFORM, LAND RENTAL, LAND RESOURCES, LAND RIGHTS, LAND USE, LIVESTOCK, MAIZE, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKETING, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, NATIONAL INCOME, ORGANIZATIONAL FORM, PASTURES, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PRICE CONTROLS, PRIVATE PROPERTY, PRODUCT MARKETS, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES, PRODUCTIVITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, ROOTS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATION, SHEEP, SOILS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TUNDRA, WAGENINGEN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, WEALTH, WHEAT