Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela : Investing in Human Capital for Growth, Prosperity, and Poverty Reduction
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Washington, DC
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This report draws on limited, available
data to analyze selected economic, and social issues, which
include better understanding of poverty, and inequality in
relation to real income, and, improving the allocation of
social expenditures, while increasing the effectiveness of
social programs. The deterioration of social, and human
capital should be prevented, by simultaneously promoting its
accumulation. The report reviews the dismal economic
performance of the country over the last decade, where the
inability of policymakers to cope with the oil cycles, and
prices decline prevails. Moreover, the country's
dependence on the oil sector has deepened, while the share
of agriculture, and manufacturing decreased, aggravated by
the lack of export diversification, and the negative impact
of the overvalued domestic currency on external
competitiveness. Not surprisingly, labor productivity also
decreased, reflecting a low real economic growth, which
results in higher unemployment, poverty and inequality
increases. The needed acceleration of human, and social
capital development focuses on education, health, and the
decline of crime and violence, suggesting continued
implementation of primary education reforms, through the
development of new curriculum, improved quality of basic
education, and educational financing. Health recommendations
include efficient resource allocation, prioritization of
high-impact programs, and expanded private participation,
and institutional development.
Palabras clave
ECONOMIC & SECTOR WORK, ECONOMIC GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, POVERTY REDUCTION, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS, EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, ECONOMIC INDICATORS, OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES, OIL PRICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, MANUFACTURING DEVELOPMENT, EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION, CURRENCY CONVERTIBILITY, COMPETITIVENESS, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, INEQUITY, HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION SECTOR, HEALTH CARE PLANNING, CRIME DETERRENCE, VIOLENCE, EDUCATIONAL REFORMS, CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL FINANCING, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, HEALTH PROGRAMS, PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ACCIDENTS, ACCOUNTABILITY, ANNUAL RATE, AVAILABLE DATA, CANCER, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITA GROWTH, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CITIZEN, COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT, CORRUPTION, CRIME, DIRECT IMPACT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MEMORANDUM, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELASTICITIES, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURES, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, FINANCIAL CRISES, FINANCING MECHANISMS, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, GIRLS, GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, HEALTH INDICATORS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICE, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STATUS, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HOSPITALS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYGIENE, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, INCOME, INCOME GROWTH, INEQUALITY, INFLATION, INFORMAL SECTOR, INJURIES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, LABOR MARKET, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LIVING STANDARDS, LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT, LOW INCOME, MALARIA, MIGRANTS, MINIMUM WAGES, MORTALITY, NURSES, NURSING, NUTRITION, OIL, OIL PRICES, OIL SECTOR, OPEC, OVERALL EXPENDITURE, PER CAPITA INCOME, PHYSICIANS, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY MEASURES, POLICY RESPONSE, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POOR PERFORMANCE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY MONITORING, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SERVICES, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALITY OF LIFE, REAL TERMS, REAL WAGES, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE USE, RULE OF LAW, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE SECTOR, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL EXPENDITURES, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SECTORS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, STATISTICAL DATA, TIME FRAME, TRANSACTION COSTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN POPULATIONS, URBAN RESIDENTS, VICTIMS, VIOLENCE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WAGE INCOME, WORKERS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUTH, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT