Female Genital Cutting, Women's Health, and Development : The Role of the World Bank

Rogo, Khama; Subayi, Tshiya; Toubia, Nahid; Sharief, Eiman Hussein

Female Genital Cutting, Women's Health, and Development : The Role of the World Bank

Autores

Rogo, Khama

Subayi, Tshiya

Toubia, Nahid

Sharief, Eiman Hussein

Editor

Washington, DC : World Bank

Descripción

Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C) is a customary practice indigenous to 28 African countries and is also reported among African immigrants in countries in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. FGM/C is also found in some Muslim communities in the highlands of India. The report documents the extent to which FGM/C is perceived as a public health issue. The social and political situation in Somalia in light of the civil unrest is likely to be a challenge in expanding the reach and effectiveness of FGC interventions particularly in rural communities. The experience of Kouroussa in Haute Guinea through the Population and Reproductive Health Project presented at the development marketplace 2000 competition with the project ending female genital cutting also gave the opportunity to the Bank to address FGM/C in a more systematic way, using all available resources. Other opportunities for supporting FGM/C programs include classic World Bank lending instruments such as Sector Investment Loans (SIL), Learning and Innovative Loans (LILs), Sector Wide Approaches (SWAPs), and poverty reduction strategies. These operations can address the issue of FGM from broader women's health and economic development angle. This position paper defines the scope of the problem in the region, suggests options for interventions, reviews constraints and identifies areas of interaction for the Bank. It also gives options for future actions within the different sectors of the World Bank Group.

Palabras clave

ABUSE, ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT EDUCATION, AGED, CAPACITY BUILDING, CHILD BIRTH, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILDBIRTH, CITIZENS, CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS, CIVIL UNREST, COMMUNITY HEALTH, COMPLICATIONS, CULTURAL PRACTICE, CULTURAL PRACTICES, CULTURAL VALUES, DEMAND FOR SERVICES, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, DISEASES, DISSEMINATION, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, EMPOWERING WOMEN, EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EXTERNAL GENITALIA, FAMILIES, FAMILY HEALTH, FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL, FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE, FEMALE CIRCUMCISION, FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING, FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION, FERTILITY, FERTILITY SURVEY, FGC, FGM, FISTULAE, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FOOD PROCESSING, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION, GENDER, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION, GENDER ISSUES, GENITAL MUTILATION, GIRLS AT RISK, GLOBAL ACTION, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GREENHOUSE GASES, GUIDE TO ACTION, GYNECOLOGY, HARMFUL PRACTICES, HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH OF WOMEN, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH RESEARCH, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH WORKERS, HIV, HOSPITAL, HOST COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN LIFE, HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN, HYGIENE, IMMIGRANTS, IMMUNIZATION, IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION POLICY, INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES, INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS, INDIVIDUAL WOMEN, INHERITANCE, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INTERVENTION, INVESTMENT IN CHILDREN, KINSHIP, LABOUR MARKET, LAWS, LEGAL STATUS, MALARIA, MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH, MANAGEMENT OF POPULATION, MARRIED WOMEN, MASS MEDIA, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEDICAL FACILITIES, MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS, MENTAL HEALTH, MIDWIVES, MILLENNIUM DECLARATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRIES OF HEALTH, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, NATIONAL COMMITTEE, NATIONAL COUNCIL, NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL POLICY, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING, NURSES, NUTRITION, PEACE, PHYSICIANS, PLAN OF ACTION, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH DIVISION, POPULATION ACTIVITIES, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION COUNCIL, POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU, POPULATION SECTOR, POPULATION SECTOR STRATEGY, PRACTITIONERS, PREGNANT WOMEN, PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PROGRESS, PUBLIC AWARENESS, PUBLIC DISCUSSION, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC INFORMATION, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACTIVITIES, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS, REPRODUCTIVE LIVES, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, RESPECT, RIGHTS OF WOMEN, ROLE MODELS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SAFE MOTHERHOOD, SANITATION, SCARCE RESOURCES, SERVICE DELIVERY, SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS, SEXUALITY, SEXUALLY ACTIVE, SOCIAL ACTION, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL MARKETING, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL SCIENCE, SOCIAL SECTORS, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIAL WELFARE, TABOO, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL TRAINING, TEENAGE GIRLS, TRADITIONAL HEALERS, TRADITIONAL PRACTICE, TRAUMA, TUBERCULOSIS, UNFPA, UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, UNMARRIED MEN, URBAN AREAS, VIOLENCE, WASTE, WOMAN, WOMEN'S HEALTH, WORKERS, WORLD CONFERENCE, WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG GIRLS, YOUNG WOMEN