Protected Areas and Deforestation : New Results from High Resolution Panel Data
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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This paper investigates the
effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest
clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa, and Latin
America for the period 2001-2012. The investigation compares
deforestation rates inside and within 10 kilometers outside
the boundary of protected areas. Annual time series of these
deforestation rates were constructed from recently published
high-resolution data on forest clearing. For 4,028 parks,
panel estimation based on a variety of park characteristics
was conducted to test if deforestation is lower in protected
areas because of their protected status, or if other factors
explain the difference. For a sample of 726 parks
established since 2002, a test also was conducted to
investigate the effect of park establishment on protection.
The findings suggest park size, national park status, and
management by indigenous people all have significant
association with effective protection across regions. For
the Asia/Pacific region, the test offers compelling evidence
that park establishment has a near-immediate and powerful effect.
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE VALUE, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURE, AMAZON DEFORESTATION, ANIMAL, ANIMAL CONSERVATION, ANNUAL DEFORESTATION, ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE, APPLIED ECOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BIOSPHERE, BIOSPHERE RESERVE, BIRD, BIRD AREAS, BIRD CONSERVATION, BRAZILIAN AMAZON, BUTTERFLY, CALCULATION, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, COMMUNITY FORESTS, CONSERVATION, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, CONSERVATION SOCIETY, CULTURAL VALUES, DEFORESTATION RATES, DETERMINANTS, DRY FORESTS, ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION, ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEMS, ELEPHANTS, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIST, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, EVERGREEN FORESTS, FOREST AREA, FOREST AREAS, FOREST CHANGE, FOREST CLEARING, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST CONVERSION, FOREST COVER, FOREST COVER CHANGE, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST ECOLOGY, FOREST FIRES, FOREST FRAGMENTATION, FOREST GOVERNANCE, FOREST LOSS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST PROTECTION, FOREST QUALITY, GIANT PANDAS, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, GLOBAL FOREST, HABITAT LOSS, HABITAT MANAGEMENT, HUMAN ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN HABITATION, HUMAN POPULATION, ISSUES, LAND CONSERVATION, LAND COVER, LAND COVER CHANGE, LAND ECONOMICS, LAND TENURE, LAND USE, LAND-COVER, LAND-COVER CHANGE, LAND-USE, LAND-USE ALLOCATION, LANDFORM, LANDSCAPE, LANDSCAPE CHANGE, LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY, LANDSCAPE PATTERNS, LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE, LARGE MAMMALS, LOCAL LIVELIHOODS, LOGGING, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, LOWLAND FOREST, MANAGED FORESTS, MIGRATION, MOUNTAINS, NATIONAL PARK, NATIONAL PARKS, NATURAL AREAS, NATURAL CONDITION, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURE, NATURE CONSERVATION, NATURE RESERVE, NATURE RESERVES, OIL PALM, OIL PALM PLANTATIONS, OPEN ACCESS, PALM, PARK BOUNDARIES, PARK BOUNDARY, PARK MANAGEMENT, PARK STATUS, POPULATION DECLINES, PP, REMOTE SENSING, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROADS, SATELLITE IMAGERY, SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS, SET ASIDE, SPATIAL MODEL, SPECIES, SPECIES CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE, SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USE, SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE, TIGER, TIGER HABITAT, TIGER HABITATS, TIGER RANGE, TREE, TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, TROPICAL FOREST, TROPICAL FOREST AREA, TROPICAL FOREST AREAS, TROPICAL FOREST CARBON, TROPICAL FOREST CONSERVATION, TROPICAL FOREST FIRES, TROPICAL FOREST FRAGMENTATION, TROPICAL FORESTS, TROPICS, VEGETATION, VEGETATION COVER, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE CONSERVATION, WILDLIFE RESEARCH, WOODLAND