Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Developing Country Trade
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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This paper briefly reviews new indices
of trade restrictiveness and trade facilitation that have
been developed at the World Bank. The paper also compares
the trade impact of different types of trade restrictions
applied at the border with the effects of domestic policies
that affect trade costs. Based on a gravity regression
framework, the analysis suggests that tariffs and non-tariff
measures continue to be a significant source of trade
restrictiveness for low-income countries despite
preferential access programs. This is because the value of
trade preferences is quite limited: a new measure of the
relative preference margin developed in the paper reveals
that this is very low for most country-pairs. Most countries
with very good (duty-free) access to a market generally have
competitors that have the same degree of access. The
empirical analysis suggests that measures to improve
logistics performance and facilitate trade are likely to
have the greatest positive effects in expanding developing
country trade, increasing the trade impacts of lowering
remaining border barriers by a factor of two or more.
Palabras clave
TARIFFS, NONTARIFF MEASURES, TRADE FACILITATION, LOGISTICS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, DOHA ROUND, AD VALOREM, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURE, APPAREL, AVERAGE TARIFF, AVERAGE TARIFFS, BARRIERS TO TRADE, BASKET OF GOODS, BEST MARKET, BILATERAL IMPORTS, BILATERAL TRADE, BORDER PROTECTION, BORDER TRADE, BUDGET DEFICITS, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, CARRIERS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITIVENESS INDEX, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, COUNTERVAILING MEASURES, COUNTRY FIXED EFFECTS, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS BROKERS, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE PROCEDURES, DEMAND ELASTICITIES, DEMAND ELASTICITY, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES, DOMESTIC TRADE, DUMPING, E-BUSINESS, ECONOMIC POLICY, EUROPEAN UNION, EXPORT COSTS, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORTERS, EXPORTING COUNTRIES, EXPORTS, FACTORY GATE, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, FREIGHT FORWARDERS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS, GLOBAL MARKETS, GLOBAL TRADE, GRAVITY EQUATION, GRAVITY MODEL, GRAVITY MODELS, IMPORT COSTS, IMPORT VALUES, IMPORTING COUNTRIES, IMPORTING COUNTRY, INCOME, INTERNAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET REGULATION, MERCHANDISE TRADE FLOWS, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES, PARTICULAR COUNTRY, PATTERN OF TRADE, POLICY RESEARCH, POSITIVE EFFECTS, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL MARGIN, PREFERENTIAL MARGINS, PREFERENTIAL RATES, PREFERENTIAL TARIFF, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, PROTECTIONIST, QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS, RED TAPE, REGIONAL AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL TRADE, REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY POLICIES, REGULATORY REGIMES, RULES OF ORIGIN, TARIFF BARRIERS, TARIFF EQUIVALENT, TARIFF EQUIVALENTS, TARIFF LINE, TARIFF LINES, TARIFF PREFERENCES, TARIFF PROTECTION, TARIFF REDUCTION, TARIFF STRUCTURE, TRADE COSTS, TRADE DATA, TRADE DISTORTIONS, TRADE EFFECTS, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE IMPEDIMENTS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE LOGISTICS, TRADE MORE, TRADE PERFORMANCE, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE POLICY ANALYSIS, TRADE POLICY REFORM, TRADE PREFERENCE, TRADE PREFERENCES, TRADE RESTRICTIONS, TRADE TAXES, TRADE VOLUMES, TRANSACTIONS COSTS, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT COSTS, UNILATERAL ACTIONS, UNILATERAL REFORMS, VALUE OF IMPORTS, VALUE OF TRADE, VOLUME OF TRADE, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WTO, ZERO TARIFFS