Brain Gain : Claims about its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth Are Greatly Exaggerated
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Based on static partial equilibrium analysis, the "new brain drain" literature argues that, by raising the return to education, a brain drain generates a brain gain that is, under certain conditions, larger than the brain drain itself, and that such a net brain gain results in an increase in welfare and growth due to education's positive externalities. This paper argues that these claims are exaggerated. In the static case, and based on both partial and general equilibrium considerations, the paper shows that (1) the size of the brain gain is smaller than suggested in that literature; (2) the impact on welfare and growth is smaller as well (for any brain gain size); (3) a positive brain gain is likely to result in a smaller, possibly negative, human capital gain; (4) an increase in the stock of human capital may have a negative impact on welfare and growth; and (5) in a dynamic framework, the paper shows that the steady-state brain gain is equal to the brain drain so that a 'beneficial brain drain' cannot take place, and a net brain loss is likely during the transition.
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ADVERSE EFFECTS, AVERAGE MIGRATION, BRAIN DRAIN, BRAIN GAIN, BRAIN WASTE, BRAIN-DRAIN, CAPITAL GAIN, CENSUS DATA, CONTEMPORANEOUS EXTERNALITIES, COST OF MIGRATION, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DYNAMIC ANALYSIS, EDUCATED PEOPLE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELASTICITY, EMIGRATION, EMIGRATION COUNTRIES, EMPLOYMENT, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPECTED RETURN, EXPECTED UTILITY, FAMILIES, FOREIGN WORKERS, GDP, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, GNP, GNP PER CAPITA, GROWTH RATE, HUMAN CAPITAL, IDEAS, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICIES, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INCOME, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MIGRATION, LEARNING, LITERATURE, MALNUTRITION, MANAGERS, MEDIA, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NURSES, NURSING, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OPPORTUNITY COST, PARENTS, PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES, PUBLIC SECTOR, RANDOM WALK, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, RISK AVERSION, SKILLED LABOR, SKILLED MIGRANTS, SKILLED PEOPLE, SKILLED WORKER, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIETY, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, TAX REVENUES, TAXATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED LABOR, UNSKILLED MIGRATION, UNSKILLED WORKERS, UTILITY FUNCTION, WAGE GAP, WAGES, WORKER MIGRATION