Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change : Samoa
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Over the last two decades Samoa has
suffered major damage from two cyclones in 1990-91, minor
damage from a third cyclone in 2004, and an earthquake
tsunami in 2009. Changes in the scale and impact of these
types of natural disasters are likely to be important
consequences of climate change for the country because the
increases in sea level and in average sea surface
temperatures will increase theintensity and damage
from major storms. Other potential impacts are linked to
changes in the weather patterns associated with El Niño
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The primary concern
focuses on the impact on agriculture, especially in periods
of lower precipitation following strong El Niño
episodes.This study examines the consequences of
an increase in average temperatures of up to 1°C by 2050 and
up to 2.75°C by 2100 for the frequency and intensity of
major cyclones that hit the islands. Estimates of the
economic damage caused by storms in the past have been used
to calibrate a damage function that yields an estimated
increase in the expected value of economic damage as the
peak wind speeds for storms with return periods of 10, 50,
or 100 years rise over time. In this framework the key
element of adaptation is to ensure that buildings and other
assets are designed to standards that enable them to cope
with the greater wind stresses and more intense
precipitation associated with worse storms.
Palabras clave
ADAPTATION ACTIONS, ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION BENEFITS, ADAPTATION COSTS, ADAPTATION MEASURE, ADAPTATION MEASURES, ADAPTATION NEEDS, ADAPTATION OPTIONS, ADAPTATION PLANS, ADAPTATION POLICIES, ADAPTATION PROGRAM, ADAPTATION PROJECTS, ADAPTATION STRATEGY, ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE, ADAPTATION YIELDS, ADAPTING, ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, ALLOCATION, ALLOWANCE, ANNUAL COST, ANNUAL PRECIPITATION, APPROACH TO ADAPTATION, AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL, AVERAGE LIFE EXPECTANCY, CALCULATION, CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT, CAPITAL COSTS, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, CLIMATE CHANGE DISCUSSION, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, CLIMATE CONDITIONS, CLIMATE DAMAGE, CLIMATE DATA, CLIMATE HAZARDS, CLIMATE MITIGATION, CLIMATE MODEL, CLIMATE MONITORING, CLIMATE OUTCOMES, CLIMATE RISK, CLIMATE RISKS, CLIMATE SCENARIO, CLIMATE SCENARIOS, CLIMATE TRENDS, CLIMATE VARIABLES, CLIMATIC HAZARDS, CO, COASTAL FLOOD, COASTAL ZONE ADAPTATION, COLORS, CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE, CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE, CONSERVATION AREAS, COST OF ADAPTATION, COST OF CLIMATE CHANGE, COST-BENEFIT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COSTS OF ADAPTATION, COSTS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, CROP DIVERSIFICATION, CYCLONE INTENSITY, CYCLONES, DAMAGE FROM STORMS, DAMAGES, DEATH TOLL, DEFORESTATION, DISASTER, DISASTER MANAGEMENT, DISASTER PLANNING, DISASTER RISK, DISASTER RISK REDUCTION, DISCOUNT RATE, DROUGHT, DROUGHT PERIODS, DROUGHTS, DRY PERIODS, DRY SCENARIO, DRY SEASON, DRY SEASONS, DRY SPELLS, EARLY WARNING, EARLY WARNING SYSTEM, EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS, EARTHQUAKE, EARTHQUAKES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC COSTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPACT, ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE, ECOSYSTEM, EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, EFFECTIVENESS OF ADAPTATION, EL NINO, ELECTRICITY, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS SCENARIOS, ENSO, EXTREME EVENTS, EXTREME WEATHER, EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS, FARMERS, FEASIBILITY, FIRE PREVENTION, FLOOD, FLOOD DAMAGE, FLOOD HAZARD, FLOOD PROTECTION, FLOODED, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, FOREST, FOREST FIRE, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FUTURE CLIMATE SCENARIOS, GCM, GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GLOBAL HYDROLOGY, GLOBAL TEMPERATURES, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS, HEAVY RAINS, HURRICANE, HURRICANE DAMAGE, HURRICANES, HYDROLOGY, IMPACT OF CLIMATE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION, IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS, IMPORTS, INCOME, INSURANCE, INSURANCE COSTS, INSURANCE POLICY, INTENSITY OF CYCLONES, INTENSITY OF STORMS, LAND USE, LOSS FUNCTION, MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE, MEAN TEMPERATURE, METEOROLOGY, MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, MINIMUM TEMPERATURES, NATIONAL ADAPTATION, NATIONAL CLIMATE, NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL HAZARDS, NET COST, OCEAN TEMPERATURES, PRECIPITATION, PRESENT VALUE, PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION, PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS, PUBLIC SPENDING, RAIN, RAINFALL, RAINY SEASON, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE, SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES, SEA WALLS, SEASON, SOUTHERN OSCILLATION, STORM, STORM DAMAGE, STORM SURGE, STORM SURGES, STORMS, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, SURFACE TEMPERATURES, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURES, TOTAL CONSUMPTION, TOTAL COST, TOTAL COSTS, TROPICAL CYCLONES, TROPICAL STORMS, TSUNAMI, TSUNAMIS, VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE, VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS, WATER TREATMENT, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WEATHER PATTERNS, WIND, WIND DAMAGE, WIND DIRECTION, WIND SPEED, WIND SPEEDS, WIND VELOCITY, WMO, WORST-CASE