Maternal and Child Mortality Development Goals : What Can the Transport Sector Do?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The reduction of child mortality and the
improvement of maternal health are two of the Millennium
Development Goals. Child and maternal mortalities continue
to represent severe burdens in many developing countries.
Every year, 527,000 women in developing countries die of
pregnancy-related complications and nearly 4 million
children die during their first month (accounting for 40
percent of all deaths under 5 years of age) with nearly all
(98 percent) of them in developing countries. The risks of
dying from pregnancy-related complications and a child dying
under the age of five are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The
risk of a mother or an infant dying can be significantly
reduced by a continuum of basic care, which should include
preventive measures and a skilled attendant during
childbirth with access to the necessary equipment, drugs,
and other supplies for effective management of any
pregnancy-related complications. Yet, many women spend
excessive time trying to reach a health facility with the
capacity to treat obstetric or infant complications. It is
estimated that 75 percent of maternal deaths might be
prevented through timely access to essential emergency
childbirth-related care. This paper focuses on the ways in
which transport and road infrastructure play key roles in
the overall delivery of and access to health services, and
in the effectiveness of the health referral process. Many
households do not have the reliable, suitable, and
affordable transport services that are essential for access
to care during the critical peri-natal and neonatal periods.
Emergency access to care is also critical because many
childbirth-related complications are unpredictable and the
majority of births in developing countries continue to take
place at home.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, ACCESSIBILITY, AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT, AGING, AMBULANCE SERVICE, AMBULANCE SERVICES, AMBULANCES, ANESTHESIA, ANTENATAL CARE, BEDS, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, BICYCLES, BIRTH ATTENDANTS, BREASTFEEDING, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CAUSES OF DEATH, CHILD CARE, CHILD DEATHS, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD HEALTH CARE, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, CHILDBIRTH, CLINICS, COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST OF TRANSPORT, COUNSELLING, DEATHS OF CHILDREN, DELIVERY CARE, DELIVERY COMPLICATIONS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISABILITIES, DISPENSARIES, DOCTORS, DRUGS, ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, EFFICIENT TRANSPORT, EMERGENCIES, EMERGENCY CARE, EMERGENCY TREATMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, ESSENTIAL OBSTETRIC CARE, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY PLANNING, FIRST AID, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, GONORRHEA, GYNECOLOGY, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH FACILITY, HEALTH INDICATORS, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH MANAGEMENT, HEALTH POSTS, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH STATUS, HEALTH STATUS OF MOTHERS, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH WORKERS, HEART DISEASE, HIGH TRANSPORTATION, HIV, HIV INFECTION, HOME DELIVERIES, HOSPITAL, HOSPITAL CARE, HOSPITALS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYPOTHERMIA, ILLNESS, IMMUNIZATION, IMMUNIZATIONS, INFANT, INFANT DEATHS, INFANT HEALTH, INFANTS, INFECTIONS, INJURY, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION, LIFETIME RISK, LIVE BIRTHS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MALARIA, MATERNAL CARE, MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS, MATERNAL DEATH, MATERNAL DEATHS, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES, MATERNAL MORTALITIES, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIOS, MEDICAL FACILITIES, MEDICAL STAFF, MEDICAL SUPPLIES, MIDWIFE, MIDWIFERY, MIDWIVES, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MOBILE CLINICS, MODE OF TRANSPORT, MODE OF TRANSPORTATION, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, MORTALITY REDUCTION, MOTHER, MOTOR VEHICLE, MOTOR VEHICLES, NATIONAL HEALTH, NEONATAL CARE, NEONATAL DEATH, NEONATAL HEALTH, NEONATAL MORTALITY, NEONATAL PERIOD, NEONATAL TETANUS, NEWBORN, NEWBORN CARE, NEWBORN HEALTH, NEWBORNS, NUMBER OF BIRTHS, NUMBER OF DEATHS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NURSE, NURSES, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES, OBSTETRIC CARE, PATIENT, PATIENT CARE, PATIENTS, PEDIATRICS, POOR FAMILIES, POOR NUTRITION, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION DENSITY, POSTABORTION, POSTABORTION COUNSELING, POSTNATAL CARE, POSTPARTUM CARE, POSTPARTUM PERIOD, PREGNANCIES, PREGNANCY, PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PREGNANCY-RELATED CAUSES, PREVENTABLE DISEASE, PROBABILITY, PROGRESS, PROPHYLAXIS, PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL, QUALITY CARE, REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY, REFERRAL SYSTEM, REFERRAL SYSTEMS, RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, RISK FACTORS, RISK OF DEATH, ROAD, ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL TRANSPORT, RURAL WOMEN, SAFE CHILDBIRTH, SAFE MOTHERHOOD, SCREENING, SERVICE PROVISION, SKILLED ATTENDANT, SKILLED CARE, SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL, SKILLED PROFESSIONALS, SOCIAL FACTORS, STILLBIRTH, SURGERY, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, SYPHILIS, TERTIARY LEVEL, TETANUS, TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT ACCESS, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT MEASURES, TRANSPORT MODES, TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRANSPORT STRATEGY, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TUBERCULOSIS, TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL, UMBILICAL CORD, UNSAFE ABORTION, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN WOMEN, VEHICLE FLEET, VEHICLES, WALKING, WOMAN, WORKERS, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG CHILDREN