The Prototype Carbon Fund : Addressing Challenges of Globalization - An Independent Evaluation of the World Bank's Approach to Global Programs
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The prototype carbon fund (PCF) is a
public-private partnership whose mission is to pioneer a
market for project-based greenhouse gas emission reductions
within the framework of the Kyoto protocol to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). PCF
seeks to show how project-based greenhouse gas emission
reduction transactions can lower the cost of compliance with
Kyoto, promote sustainable development, and mobilize new
resources for Bank clients. Recognizing the global
environmental benefits of emissions reductions regardless of
location, Kyoto allows industrialized countries and firms to
offset certain obligations through the purchase of
lower-cost emission reductions (ERs) in developing and
in-transition countries. This review identifies Bank
comparative advantage-related issues, as well as the issues
raised by competition between the Bank and International
Finance Corporation (IFC) in carbon finance.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTABILITY, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES, AIR, ALLOCATION, ALLOWANCE, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, ANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE, ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS, ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS, ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS, BAGASSE COGENERATION, BANKS, BASELINE DETERMINATION, BASELINE METHODOLOGIES, BIOMASS, CALCULATION, CAPITA EMISSIONS, CARBON, CARBON ASSET, CARBON ASSETS, CARBON BUYER, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALENT, CARBON EMISSION, CARBON EMISSION REDUCTIONS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON FINANCE ACTIVITIES, CARBON FINANCE BUSINESS, CARBON FINANCE STRATEGY, CARBON FINANCING, CARBON FUND, CARBON FUNDS, CARBON INVESTMENT, CARBON INVESTMENT FUND, CARBON INVESTORS, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MARKET DEVELOPMENT, CARBON OFFSET, CARBON OFFSETS, CARBON POLICIES, CARBON PURCHASES, CARBON REDUCTION, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON SINKS, CARBON TRADING, CARBON TRANSACTIONS, CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS, CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT FACILITY, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE NETWORK, CLIMATE POLICY, CLIMATE SYSTEM, CLIMATE-CHANGE, CLIMATE-CHANGE MITIGATION, COAL, COLORS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONCENTRATES, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC EFFECTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPACT, ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION, ECOSYSTEM, EFFECTIVE USE, EMISSION, EMISSION ALLOWANCES, EMISSION LEVELS, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS, EMISSION REDUCTION PURCHASE AGREEMENT, EMISSION REDUCTION PURCHASE AGREEMENTS, EMISSION REDUCTION UNIT, EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS TRANSACTIONS, EMISSION RIGHTS, EMISSION TARGETS, EMISSION TRADING, EMISSION TRADING SYSTEM, EMISSION-REDUCTION, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS TRADING REGIMES, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, EVALUATION CRITERIA, EXPENDITURES, FINANCIAL RESOURCE, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FISHERIES, FORESTRY, FORESTRY PROJECTS, FORESTS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, GHG, GLOBAL CARBON MARKET, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTION TRANSACTIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION, GREENHOUSE GASES, GWP, HISTORICAL EMISSIONS, HOT AIR, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, INCOME, INCREMENTAL COSTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADING, IPCC, LAND USE, MARGINAL ABATEMENT, MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS, MARGINAL COSTS, MONTREAL PROTOCOL, NOW ACCOUNTS, PENALTIES, PORTFOLIO, PP, PRICE SETTING, PRICE SIGNAL, PROFITABILITY, PUBLIC GOOD, PUBLIC GOODS, QUALITY EMISSION REDUCTIONS, RAINFALL, REDUCING EMISSIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RESOURCE MOBILIZATION, RESOURCE USE, RISK MANAGEMENT, SEQUESTERED CARBON, SINK, SUBSIDIARY, SUPPLY SIDE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRADABLE CREDITS, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TRANSPORT, TREE SPECIES, TRUST FUNDS, UNCERTAINTIES, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WIND