Poverty in the Brazilian Amazon:            An Assessment of Poverty Focused on the State of Para

Verner, Dorte

Poverty in the Brazilian Amazon: An Assessment of Poverty Focused on the State of Para

Autores

Verner, Dorte

Editor

World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Descripción

The states in the Brazilian Amazon have made progress in reducing poverty and improving social indicators in the last decade. Despite this progress, the poverty rate in the Amazon is among the highest in Brazil. As of 2000, rural poverty is the greatest challenge. In Par?, not only is the headcount poverty rate of 58.4 percent in rural areas more than 55 percent higher than headcount poverty in urban areas, but also poverty is much deeper in rural areas. The fall in infant mortality and adult illiteracy corroborate the improvement in measured income poverty. Census data from 2000 and 1991 reveal that more people left Par? than came to live in the state during the 1970s, the opposite of the 1980s. In 2000, the Gini coefficient for Par?, as in the Amazon as a whole, was 0.60. The poverty profile reveals that indigenous peoples experience a higher poverty incidence than other groups. Census 2000 data reveal that living in rural areas in Par? does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. Individual and household characteristics are more important than geographical location. The largest statistical differences in poverty reduction between rural and urban areas are found in the effect of education, sector of employment, gender, and family size. PNAD data from 2001 reveal that living in urban areas in Par? does not by itself affect the probability of falling below the poverty line in urban areas in Brazil. The strongest poverty correlates are education, experience, race, rural location, gender, and labor market association.

Palabras clave

POVERTY REDUCTION, SOCIAL INDICATORS, URBAN AREAS, INFANT MORTALITY, ILLITERACY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL AREAS, EMPLOYMENT, GENDER, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, LABOR MARKET, METHODOLOGY, INCOME INEQUALITY, INFANT MORTALITY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ABSOLUTE VALUE, AGED, ANALYTICAL WORK, ANNUAL RATE, AVAILABLE DATA, CENSUS DATA, CLEAN WATER, COMMODITIES, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, DEFORESTATION, DEMOGRAPHICS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ELDERLY PEOPLE, EMPLOYMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FISH, FISHING, FOOD BASKET, GINI COEFFICIENT, GROWTH RATE, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, HEALTH CARE, HIGH INFLATION, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLITERACY, IMPORTS, IMPROVED HEALTH, INCOME DATA, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME POVERTY, INCREASED ACCESS, INDIGENOUS GROUPS, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANTS, INTEREST RATES, IRON, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LAND REFORM, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOGGING, LONG RUN, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION, MEAN INCOME, MEDICINES, MICRO DATA, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MINIMUM WAGE, MONETARY POLICIES, MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES, NATIONAL AVERAGE, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATURAL RESOURCES, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY REFORMS, POLICY RESEARCH, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCING, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY TRENDS, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC PROGRAMS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC UTILITIES, QUALITY OF LIFE, REDUCED POVERTY, REDUCING POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, SAFETY, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, SOCIAL INCLUSION, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, STREAMS, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TIMBER, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN POVERTY, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WAGES