Intellectual Property Rights for Agriculture in International Trade and Investment Agreements : A Plant Breeding Perspective
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The agricultural sector, and in
particular plant breeding, is one area where this
flexibility of intellectual property rights (IPR) is quite
broad. This note argues that policymakers need to pay close
attention to the role that IPRs can play in agricultural
development by providing incentives for both domestic and
foreign investments. The note explains the special nature of
plant breeding that has given rise to unique forms of IPRs
and reviews how this special nature is reflected in article
27(3) b of the TRIPS Agreement. The note also reviews how
developing countries are choosing to meet their obligations.
It highlights the concern that both bilateral and
multilateral trade negotiations may exert pressure on
countries to adopt IPR regimes that are more rigid than
those required to support national agricultural development.
Palabras clave
AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURE, BILATERAL AGREEMENTS, BILATERAL TRADE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, BREEDER, BREEDERS, COMMERCIAL SEED, COMMERCIAL SEED SECTOR, CROP, CROP VARIETIES, CROPS, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, EUROPEAN UNION, EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS, FAO, FARM, FARMERS, FARMING, FOOD SECURITY, GENETIC, GENETIC RESOURCES, INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, INNOVATION, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ISSUES, JURISDICTION, LIVELIHOODS, MARKET ACCESS, MINIMUM STANDARDS, MULTILATERAL LEVEL, MULTILATERAL TRADE, PATENT LAW TREATY, PATENT PROTECTION, PATENTS, PLANT, PLANT BREEDING, PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION, PRODUCE, REGIONAL TRADE, REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, RIGHT HOLDER, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SEED, SEED SECTOR, SEEDS, SPECIES, TRADE AGENDA, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, TRIPS AGREEMENT, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO