Migration and Economic Mobility in Tanzania : Evidence from a Tracking Survey
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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This study explores the extent to which
migration has contributed to improved living standards of
individuals in Tanzania. Using longitudinal data on
individuals, the authors estimate the impact of migration on
consumption growth between 1991 and 2004. The analysis
addresses concerns about heterogeneity and unobservable
factors correlated with both income changes and the decision
to migrate. The findings show that migration adds 36
percentage points to consumption growth, during a period of
considerable growth in consumption. These results are robust
to numerous tests and alternative specifications. Unpacking
the findings, the analysis finds that moving out of
agriculture is correlated with much higher growth than
staying in agriculture, although growth is always higher in
any sector if one physically moves. Economic mobility is
strongly linked to geographic mobility. The puzzle is why
more people do not move if returns to geographic mobility
are high. The evidence is consistent with models in which
exit barriers are set by home communities (through social
and family norms) that prevent migration of certain
categories of people.
Palabras clave
ADULT MORTALITY, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE, AIDS EPIDEMIC, BASIC NEEDS, BUSINESS OWNERSHIP, CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION DATA, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMPTION, DOWRY, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EMPLOYERS, ENDOWMENTS, EQUALITY, EXCLUSION, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE CHILDREN, FOOD COMPONENTS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, FOOD EXPENDITURE, GENDER, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HIV, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBANDS, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INCOME CHANGES, INCOME GAINS, INCOME GROWTH, INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS, INEQUALITY, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, KINSHIP, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARITAL STATUS, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION PROCESS, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MOTHER, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, PEER GROUPS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR AREAS, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PROGRESS, PULL FACTORS, PUSH FACTORS, REFUGEE, REMITTANCES, REMOTE AREAS, RESPECT, RETURN MIGRATION, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL TRANSFORMATION, RURAL VILLAGES, SCHOOLING, SEX, SOCIAL FACTORS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL NORMS, SOURCE OF INCOME, SPOUSE, SUBSISTENCE, TEENS, TOTAL CONSUMPTION, TRADITIONAL VALUES, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTER, URBAN CENTERS, VILLAGE, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGES, WAR, WOMAN, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUNG MALE