Research and extension expenditures and productivity in Japanese agriculture, 1960-1990
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This paper investigates the cause for the decline in the growth of productivity in Japanese agriculture since the late 1960s. For this
objective, it investigates the effects of research and extension (R&E) activities on the extent and the direction of the bias of technological
change in Japanese agriculture for the period 1960-90 based on the trans log cost function framework. Empirical results show that the
cost-reducing effects of R&E measured in terms of the absolute value of the cost-R&E elasticity increased slightly from 0.194 in 1960 to
0.205 in 1965 and then decreased consistently to 0.110 in 1990. This finding is broadly consistent with the finding of the decline or
slowdown in agricultural productivity since the late 1960s. The bias due to R&E was found to be toward labor, intermediate inputs, and
other inputs saving on the one hand, and machinery and land using on the other. Labor-saving and machinery-using biases are consistent
with the Hicksian induced innovation hypothesis. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.