Is Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa Different?
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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In the past dozen years, a literature
has developed arguing that urbanization has unfolded
differently in post-independence Sub-Saharan Africa than in
the rest of the developing world, with implications for
African economic growth overall. While African countries are
more urbanized than other countries at comparable levels of
income, it is well-recognized that total and sector gross
domestic product data are of very low quality, especially in
Africa. When instead viewed from the perspective of
effective technology, as suggested in endogenous growth
frameworks (and as proxied by educational attainment), the
African urbanization experience overall matches global
patterns. There are differences, however, at the sector
level. Agricultural trade effects that improve farm prices
deter African urbanization, while they promote urbanization
elsewhere. Potential reasons include differences in land
ownership institutions and the likelihood of agricultural
surpluses being invested in urban production. Positive
shocks to modern manufacturing spur urbanization in the rest
of the developing world, but effects are dependent on the
level of development. Thus many countries in Africa, with
their lower level of development, do not respond to these
shocks. Finally, historical indicators of the potential for
good institutions promote urbanization both inside and
outside Africa.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CAPITAL MARKETS, ADULT POPULATION, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL SHOCK, AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, AGRICULTURE, AUCTIONS, BENCHMARKING, BILATERAL TRADE, BIRTH CONTROL, BIRTH RATES, BUSINESSES, CAPABILITY, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CAPITAL ALLOCATIONS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL MARKET, CAPITAL MARKETS, CASH SETTLEMENT, CD, CD-ROM, CENSUSES, CHANGE IN POPULATION, CITIZENS, CITY POPULATION, CIVIL WAR, CLOSED ECONOMY, COLLATERAL, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMODITY EXPORTS, COMMODITY PRICE, COMMODITY PRICES, CONSUMERS, CPI, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS UNION, DATA DEFINITION, DEATH RATES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISCOUNT RATE, DIVIDEND, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC HISTORY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, ELASTICITY, ELDERLY, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, EXTERNAL TRADE, EXTERNALITIES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATES, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FIXED COSTS, FIXED PRICES, FUNCTIONAL FORMS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH MODELS, GROWTH RATES, HEALTH FACILITIES, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRATION, INCOME, INCOME EFFECT, INCOME LEVELS, INCOMES, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INSTITUTION, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR COSTS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND TENURE, LEGAL SYSTEMS, LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, MACROECONOMICS, MANUFACTURING, MARGINAL PRODUCT, MARKET PRICES, MARKETING, METALS, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MISSING VALUES, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NETWORKS, OIL, OPEN ACCESS, OPEN ECONOMY, OUTPUT, OVERVALUATION, OWNERSHIP OF LAND, OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES, PC, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL REGIME, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POPULATION ESTIMATES, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATE, PRICE CHANGES, PRICE SERIES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROCUREMENT, PRODUCT CATEGORIES, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC GOODS, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE, RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, RATE OF GROWTH, REAL GDP, REAL INCOME, RENT SEEKING, RESPECT, RESULT, RESULTS, RETAIL SERVICES, ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL RESIDENTS, SAVINGS, SCALE EFFECTS, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SEX, SKILL LEVEL, SMALL COUNTRY, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, TAXATION, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TERMS OF TRADE, TIME PERIOD, TIME PERIODS, TRADE DATABASE, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN BIAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN POPULATION, URBANIZATION, USERS, UTILITY FUNCTION, VALUE ADDED, WAGES, WAR, WEB, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD ECONOMY, WORLD TRADE