How to Assess Agricultural Water Productivity? Looking for Water in the Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency Literature
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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Given population and income growth, it
is widely expected that the agricultural sector will have to
expand the use of water for irrigation to meet rising food
demand; at the same time, the competition for water
resources is growing in many regions. As a response, it is
increasingly recommended that efforts should focus on
improving water productivity in agriculture, and significant
public and private investments are being made with this goal
in mind. Yet most public communications are vague on the
meaning of agricultural water productivity, and on what
should be done to improve it. They also tend to emphasize
water as if it were the only input that mattered. This paper
presents findings from a first attempt to survey the
agricultural productivity and efficiency literature with
regard to the explicit inclusion of water aspects in
productivity and efficiency measurements, with the aim of
contributing to the discussion on how to assess and possibly
improve agricultural water productivity. The focus is on
studies applying single-factor productivity measures, total
factor productivity indices, frontier models, and deductive
models that incorporate water. A key finding is that most
studies either incorporate field- and basin-level aspects
but focus only on a single input (water), or they apply a
multi-factor approach but do not tackle the basin level. It
seems that no study on agricultural water productivity has
yet presented an approach that accounts for multiple inputs
and basin-level issues. However, deductive methods do
provide the flexibility to overcome many of the limitations
of the other methods.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO WATER, ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL WATER, AGRICULTURAL WATER USE, AGRICULTURE WATER, AQUIFER, AVAILABLE WATER, BASINS, CALIBRATION, CANALS, CATCHMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, COLLECTIVE ACTIONS, COMPETITION FOR WATER, CONJUNCTIVE USE, CONSUMPTIVE USE, COST OF WATER, COVERING, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP YIELDS, CUBIC METERS, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, DOWNSTREAM USERS, DRAINAGE, DRIP IRRIGATION, ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, EROSION, EVAPORATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, EXPORT, FARM MANAGEMENT, FARMERS, FARMING, FLOW WATER, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, FRESHWATER, GLOBAL WATER CRISIS, GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP, GRAVITY, GROUNDWATER, HYDROGEOLOGY, HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, HYDROLOGY, INTERNATIONAL WATER, IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION CANALS, IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT, IRRIGATION DISTRICT, IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY, IRRIGATION WATER, MEASUREMENTS, MOISTURE CONTENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, OASES, ON-FARM WATER MANAGEMENT, OWNERSHIP OF WATER, PIPELINES, POLLUTION, POPULATION GROWTH, PRESSURE, PRICE OF WATER, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PROGRAMS, QUANTITIES OF WATER, QUANTITY OF WATER, RAIN, RAINFALL, REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES, REMOTE SENSING, RIVER FLOW, ROOT ZONE, RUNOFF, SALINITY, SEEPAGE, SOIL MANAGEMENT, SOIL MOISTURE, SURFACE RUNOFF, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE WATER QUALITY, SUSTAINABLE USE, TRANSPIRATION, USE OF WATER, WATER ALLOCATION, WATER ANALYSIS, WATER APPLICATION, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER BUDGETS, WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER DEMAND, WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT, WATER DEVELOPMENT, WATER LOSSES, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER NEEDS, WATER PARTNERSHIP, WATER QUALITY, WATER QUANTITY, WATER RESOURCE, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RIGHTS, WATER SAVINGS, WATER SCARCITY, WATER SHORTAGES, WATER SOURCE, WATER STORAGE, WATER STRATEGY, WATER SUPPLIES, WATER SUPPLY, WATER TRANSFERS, WATER USE, WATER USERS, WATER USES, WATER WITHDRAWALS