Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Australia Since World War II
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Australia's lackluster economic
growth performance in the first four decades following World
War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector
bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides
new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since
1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two
decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the
sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but
sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by
farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance
rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s,
reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that
period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture
appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters,
its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the
export orientation of many farm industries. The overall
pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by
comparable new estimates for other high-income countries.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE, ADVANCED ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, AGRICULTURE, BINDING CONSTRAINT, BORROWING, BUYING POWER, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMODITY PRICE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPETITION POLICY, CONSUMERS, CROPS, CURRENT PRICES, DAIRY FARMERS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, DEREGULATION, DEREGULATIONS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DISTORTED INCENTIVES, DIVIDEND, DOMESTIC MARKET, DUMPING, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMICS, EMPLOYMENT, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORT SECTOR, EXPORTS, EXTENSION, EXTERNALITY, FARMERS, FARMS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FOOD PRICES, FOOD PRODUCTS, FORECASTS, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FREE TRADE, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, GROSS VALUE, GROWTH RATE, IMPORT BARRIERS, IMPORT TARIFFS, INCOME, INCOME TAX, INCOMES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INFLATION, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR MARKETS, LABOUR, LIBERALIZATION, LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET ECONOMIES, MARKETING, MULTILATERAL TRADE, NATURAL RESOURCE, NET EXPORTS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, OPEN ECONOMY, OUTPUT, OUTPUTS, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRICE DISTORTIONS, PRIVATIZATION, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROTECTIONISM, RATE OF GROWTH, REAL GDP, REGULATOR, RESERVE BANK, RESERVE BANK OF AUSTRALIA, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SAFETY, SALES TAXES, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, TARIFF BARRIERS, TAX, TAXATION, TAXATION POLICY, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TEXTILES, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TREASURY, TRUST FUNDS, URUGUAY ROUND, VALUE ADDED, WAGES, WATER USE, WELFARE ECONOMICS, WESTERN EUROPE, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD ECONOMY, WORLD MARKET, WORLD TRADE, WTO