Can Participation Be Induced? Some Evidence from Developing Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The World Bank has allocated close to
$80 billion towards participatory development projects over
the last decade. A comprehensive review of the evidence on
the efficacy of the approach conducted by the authors for
the forthcoming Policy Research Report, Localizing
Development: Does Participation Work?, finds that while
participatory projects have been reasonably effective in
improving access to basic services, there is far less
evidence of their effectiveness in improving household
income or in building sustainable participatory institutions
at the local level. A key issue is that the institutional
culture in development agencies such as the World Bank lacks
the flexibility and long-term commitment necessary for
effective externally induced participatory development.
Induced participation -- driven by large-scale
bureaucratically managed processes, is quite different from
more organic types of participation endogenously organized
by civic groups. It requires a very different approach to
development, one that pays close attention to contextual
variation and to uncertain trajectories of change. In order
to be effective, induced participatory projects need a
strong focus on learning-by-doing; on monitoring and
evaluation and a willingness to learn from failure. A review
of the World Bank's practices in monitoring and
evaluation, and of its incentives to learn from failure,
reveals that without significant changes, including changes
in the incentive structures facing management, the Bank
cannot be effective in inducing participation.
Palabras clave
ACCOMMODATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, AID, AUDITS, BENEFICIARIES, BLOCK GRANTS, BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY, CIVIL RIGHTS, CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, CLINICS, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITY CAPACITY, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT, COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITY MEETINGS, COMMUNITY MEMBERS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMPANION, CORRUPTION, COUNTERFACTUAL, DECENTRALIZATION, DECISIONMAKING, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, ENGINEERS, EXCLUSION, EXTERNALITIES, FACILITATORS, FLEXIBILITY, GENDER, GENDER DISPARITIES, GRAMEEN BANK, HEALTH SERVICES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS, IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES, INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, LEARNING, LIVELIHOOD, LIVELIHOODS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL CAPACITY, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL MANAGEMENT, LOCAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY, LOCAL PARTICIPATION, LOCALITIES, M&E SYSTEMS, MANDATES, MONITORING TEAMS, MULTILATERAL AGENCIES, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEIGHBORHOOD, NEIGHBORHOODS, NUTRITION, PARTICIPATORY APPROACH, PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT, PARTICIPATORY MONITORING, PARTICIPATORY PROCESS, PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES, PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS, POLICY INITIATIVES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PROGRAMS, PROJECT APPRAISAL, PROJECT EVALUATION, QUALITY OF PUBLIC SERVICES, QUALITY OF SERVICES, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, RENTS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, SAVINGS, SCHOOLS, SELF HELP, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE QUALITY, SETTLEMENT, SMS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL FUNDS, SOCIAL INCLUSION, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIAL STRUCTURES, SOCIETY, STEREOTYPES, TARGETING, TOLERANCE, URBAN COMMUNITIES, VILLAGE COUNCILS, VILLAGES, WORTH