International trade and Climate Change : Economic, Legal, and Institutional Perspectives
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The broad objective of this study is to
analyze areas in which the climate change agenda intersects
with multilateral trade obligations. The study identifies
the key issues at stake, as well as possible actions -- at
the national and multilateral levels -- that could help
developing countries strengthen their capacities to respond
to emerging conflicts between international trade and global
climate regimes while taking advantage of new opportunities.
The study also attempts to respond to the need for more
sector-specific analysis. Chapter two contributes to the
literature by exploring the economic, environmental, and
political rationale underlying the potential tension between
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the existing World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles. The chapter further
identifies areas where priorities for proactive policy
initiatives could minimize potential damage to both trade
and global environmental regimes. Chapter three explores and
identifies key barriers and opportunities to spur the
transfer and diffusion of climate-friendly and clean-energy
technologies in developing countries. It further identifies
policies and institutional changes that could lead to the
removal of barriers and increased market penetration of
climate-friendly technology. Chapter four examines and
builds on the different approaches that have emerged in the
negotiations surrounding trade in environmental goods and
services, and it proposes a framework for integrating
climate objectives in the discussions. Chapter five presents
the conclusions and provides a framework for integrating and
streamlining the global environment within the global
trading system.
Palabras clave
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, APPROACH, ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION, ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS, AVAILABILITY, AVERAGE EMISSIONS, BALANCE, BARREL OF OIL, BULK CHEMICALS, CARBON, CARBON CAPTURE, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON TAX, CARBON TAX REGIMES, CARBON TAXES, CEMENT, CEMENT INDUSTRY, CHANGES IN CLIMATE, CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CLEAN COAL, CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLEAN ENERGY, CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES, CLEAN TECHNOLOGY, CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES, CLEANER TECHNOLOGY, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE POLICIES, CLOSED ECONOMIES, COAL, COAL TECHNOLOGIES, COGENERATION, COMBUSTION, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPLIANCE COSTS, COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, CRUDE OIL, CRUDE OIL PRICE, DEFORESTATION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMICS, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, EFFICIENT LIGHTING, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY USE, EMISSION, EMISSION TARGETS, EMISSION TRADING, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY, EMISSIONS LEVELS, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS TARGETS, END-USER EFFICIENCY, ENERGY CONSERVATION, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY COSTS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY INPUT, ENERGY INTENSITY, ENERGY POLICIES, ENERGY PRICES, ENERGY PRODUCTION, ENERGY PRODUCTS, ENERGY RESEARCH, ENERGY SAVINGS, ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENERGY TAX REFORM, ENERGY TAXES, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNALITIES, FISCAL POLICIES, FISHERIES, FLUE GAS, FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION, FLUORESCENT LAMP, FLUORESCENT LAMPS, FORESTRY, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL, FUEL CELL, GASIFICATION, GLOBAL EMISSION, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEAT, HYDROGEN, IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, IMPORTS, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, JOINT IMPLEMENTATION, KILOWATT-HOUR, LABOR COSTS, LEGISLATION, MEMBER STATES, METALS, MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES, NATURAL GAS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NITROGEN, NITROGEN OXIDE, NUCLEAR POWER, OIL, OZONE LAYER, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTION, POLLUTION CHARGES, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION REGULATION, POWER PLANT, PRICE SUBSIDIES, PRINCIPLES OF EQUITY, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRODUCTION OF ENERGY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC GOODS, PURCHASING POWER, QUOTAS, RAW MATERIALS, RECYCLING, REDUCING EMISSIONS, RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, RENEWABLE SOURCES, RESOURCE USE, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, SAVINGS, SOLAR PANELS, SOLAR POWER, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE, TAX CREDITS, TAX RATE, TAX RATES, TAX REFORM, TAXATION, TERMS OF TRADE, TONS OF CARBON, TRANSFER OF ENERGY, VEHICLES, VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS, WASTE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WAVE ENERGY, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WIND, WIND ENERGY, WIND POWER, WIND POWER CAPACITY, WIND POWER GENERATION, WIND POWER TECHNOLOGY, WIND TECHNOLOGY, WORLD CRUDE