Fertility Decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran 1980-2006
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Despite its volatile history, the
Islamic Republic of Iran has performed well on social
indicators, especially in providing basic services such as
health care and education. Iran's fertility decline may
have proceeded in two stages, the first beginning in the
late 1960s. The Iranian government introduced a family
planning program during the 1960s with explicit health and
demographic objectives. Between 1967 and 1977, fertility
declined-mainly in urban areas-to an average of 4 children
per woman. Although the family planning program continued
after the 1979 Islamic revolution, it was suspended after
war broke out with Iraq in 1980. During the war, the
government pursued a pronatalist population policy,
including incentives for childbearing. The fertility decline
coincided with improvements in primary and secondary
education, possibly affecting the rapid decline in
adolescent fertility during 1997-2006, especially when
compared to other Middle East and North Africa region
countries. Today regional disparities in fertility exist
with higher fertility in less developed districts. Yet
Iran's example shows how good public policy
interventions in health (including family planning) and
education can reduce fertility and contribute to human development.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, ADOLESCENT GIRLS, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT LITERACY, AGE AT MARRIAGE, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AGE OF MARRIAGE, AGED, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC HEALTH CARE, BIRTH ATTENDANTS, BIRTH CONTROL, BREASTFEEDING, CENSUS OF POPULATION, CHILD CARE, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILDBEARING, CHILDBIRTH, CHILDREN PER WOMAN, CLINICS, CONDOM, CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, CONTRACEPTIVE SUPPLIES, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, DECISION MAKING, DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING, DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF POPULATION, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DIPHTHERIA, DIVORCE, EARLY MARRIAGE, ECONOMIC OBSTACLES, EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, EXTRAMARITAL SEX, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM, FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES, FAMILY SIZE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE STERILIZATION, FERTILITY DECLINE, FERTILITY LEVELS, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY SURVEY, FERTILITY TRANSITION, FERTILITY TRENDS, FIRST BIRTH, FIRST MARRIAGE, FIRST PREGNANCY, FORMAL EDUCATION, FORMS OF CONTRACEPTION, GENDER ROLES, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH COALITION, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH INDICATORS, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH MANAGEMENT, HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEALTH WORKERS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HYGIENE, IMMUNIZATION, IMPACT ON FERTILITY, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFERTILITY, INTERNATIONAL WOMEN, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, IUD, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LARGE FAMILIES, LARGER FAMILIES, LAWS, LEGAL ABORTION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIMITED RESOURCES, LITERACY RATES, LIVE BIRTHS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, LOWER FERTILITY, MALE CONDOMS, MANAGEMENT OF POPULATION, MARRIAGE AGE, MARRIED WOMEN, MATERNAL HEALTH, MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO, MATERNITY LEAVE, MEASLES, MEDICAL EDUCATION, METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION, MIDWIFE, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE USE, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES, MODERN METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION, MORTALITY, NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEONATAL MORTALITY, NEWBORN, NUMBER OF BIRTHS, NURSES, NUTRITION, OLDER WOMEN, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PARADIGM SHIFT, PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, PILOT PROJECTS, POLYGAMY, POPULATION ACTION, POPULATION ACTION INTERNATIONAL, POPULATION CONTROL, POPULATION COUNCIL, POPULATION EDUCATION, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATE, POPULATION POLICY, POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION STUDIES, POSTNATAL CARE, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMEN, PRENATAL CARE, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PROGRESS, PUBERTY, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, QUALITY OF CARE, RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, RELIGIOUS PRACTICES, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL WOMEN, SECOND GENERATION PROBLEMS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, SOCIAL MARKETING, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL STUDIES, SOCIAL SYSTEMS, SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS, STATE UNIVERSITY, STERILIZATION, TETANUS, TRADITIONAL PRACTICES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISION, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN POPULATIONS, URBAN WOMEN, URBANIZATION, USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES, VASECTOMY, VITAL STATISTICS, WAR, WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG COUPLES