The Effects of Tobacco Taxes on Health : An Analysis of the Effects by Income Quintile and Gender in Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The main objectives of this paper are to
estimate the burden of tobacco-caused mortality as a whole
and by main tobacco-related diseases in Kazakhstan, the
Russian Federation, and Ukraine, and to assess the
distributional health impact of an increase in tobacco
taxation in these three countries. According to the results
obtained, in 2012 smoking caused around 310,000 deaths in
Russia, about 70,000 in Ukraine, and 14,300 in Kazakhstan,
representing a key factor of mortality among the working-age
population. Using data from various sources, the paper
estimates the distributional consequences of a hypothetical
tax rise in the three countries that leads to an
approximately 30 percent increase of the average retail
price of cigarettes. The analysis includes an estimation of
changes in smoking prevalence, mortality, life expectancy,
and public health expenditures by income quintile and
gender. Considered excise growth can lead to about 3.5 to
4.0 percent fall in smoking prevalence, which in turn can
avert about 600,000 tobacco-related deaths in Russia,
140,000 in Ukraine, and 30,000 in Kazakhstan over a 50 years
period. Reduced tobacco-related morbidity will also result
in substantial decrease in health expenditures for the
treatment of tobacco-related diseases. Positive health
effects are expected to be pro-poor, as almost 60 percent of
the reduction in mortality is concentrated in the two
lower-income quintiles of the population of the three countries.
Palabras clave
ADDICTION, ADULT POPULATION, AGE GROUPS, AGE MORTALITY, ALCOHOL, ALCOHOL ABUSE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CAUSES OF DEATH, CIGARETTE, CIGARETTE TAXES, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, CITIZENS, CLINICAL RESEARCH, COST EFFECTIVENESS, CURRENT SMOKING, DEATH RATES, DEPENDENCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISEASE CONTROL, ECONOMIC COSTS, ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO CONTROL, EFFECTS OF TOBACCO, EXCISE TAXES, FEMALE MORTALITY, FEMALES, GLOBAL HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HEALTH EFFECTS, HEALTH IMPACT, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HEART DISEASE, INTERVENTION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIFESTYLES, LONG-TERM SMOKERS, LUNG CANCER, MALE MORTALITY, MEDICAL CARE, MEDICINE, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RATE, MORTALITY REDUCTION, NEOPLASMS, NICOTINE, NUMBER OF DEATHS, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUTRITION, PEER REVIEWERS, POPULATION PROCESSES, PREMATURE MORTALITY, PRICE ELASTICITY, PRICE INCREASES, PRICE OF CIGARETTES, PRICE POLICIES, PUBLIC HEALTH, PULMONARY DISEASE, RESPECT, RESPIRATORY DISEASES, RISK FACTORS, SMOKER, SMOKERS, SMOKING, SMOKING CESSATION, SMOKING PREVALENCE, SMOKING PREVALENCE DATA, SMOKING RATES, SOCIAL IMPACT, TOBACCO ADDICTION, TOBACCO CONSUMPTION, TOBACCO CONTROL, TOBACCO CONTROL MEASURES, TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES, TOBACCO EXCISES, TOBACCO INDUSTRY, TOBACCO PRODUCTS, TOBACCO RESEARCH, TOBACCO SMOKING, TOBACCO TAX, TOBACCO TAX INCREASES, TOBACCO TAXATION, TOBACCO TAXES, TOBACCO USE, TOBACCO-RELATED DISEASE, TOBACCO-RELATED DISEASES, TOBACCO-RELATED ILLNESSES, TREATMENT, TUBERCULOSIS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, YOUNG WOMEN