A Review of the Valuation of Environmental Costs and Benefits in World Bank Projects
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The review examines the use of
environmental valuation in 101 projects in the World
Bank's environmental portfolio approved in fiscal years
2000, 2001, and 2002. It has three broad objectives. First,
it examines the extent to which environmental costs and
benefits have been incorporated in the economic analysis of
projects. Second, it examines how well valuation was used.
Third, it seeks to identify areas of weakness so as to feed
into plans for capacity building. The results show that the
use of environmental valuation has increased substantially
in the last decade. Ten years ago, one project in 162 used
environmental valuation. In recent years, as many as one
third of the projects in the environmental portfolio did so.
While this represents a substantial improvement, there
remains considerable scope for growth.
Palabras clave
ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING, ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY, EMISSIONS, ENERGY, TRANSPORT, AGRICULTURE, FISHING, FORESTRY, SANITATION, GLOBAL CAPITAL AGRICULTURE, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, CAPACITY BUILDING, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CONSUMERS, CONTINGENT VALUATION, COST ANALYSIS, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, DAMAGES, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, EMISSIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, EXTERNALITIES, FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS, FISHING, FORESTRY, HEDONIC PRICING, INCOME, LAND USE, LEARNING, MARKET PRICES, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL, PRESENT VALUE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCERS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROJECT IMPACTS, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, SOCIAL COSTS, SULFUR DIOXIDE, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TOTAL COSTS, TRAVEL COST METHOD, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER SUPPLY, WATERSHED, WELFARE ECONOMICS, WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WTA, WTP