Agricultural Policies and Trade Paths in Turkey
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World Bank Group, Washington, DC
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In 1959, shortly after the European
Economic Community was founded under the 1957 Treaty of
Rome, Turkey applied for Associate Membership in the then
six-member common market. By 1963, a path for integrating
the economies of Turkey and the eventual European Union had
been mapped. As with many trade agreements, agriculture
posed difficult political hurdles, which were never fully
cleared, even as trade barriers to other sectors were
eventually removed and a Customs Union formed. This essay
traces the influences the Turkey-European Union economic
institutions have had on agricultural policies and the
agriculture sector. An applied general equilibrium framework
is used to provide estimates of what including agriculture
under the Customs Union would mean for the sector and the
economy. The paper also discusses the implications of fully
aligning Turkey's agricultural policies with the
European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, as would
be required under full membership.
Palabras clave
ABACA, AGRIBUSINESS, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS, AGRICULTURAL LABOR, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURE, ALFALFA, ALMONDS, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, ANIMAL PRODUCTS, ANIMALS, APPLES, APRICOTS, ARTICHOKES, ASPARAGUS, AVOCADOS, BACTERIA, BANANAS, BARLEY, BARRIERS TO TRADE, BEEF, BEER, BEESWAX, BEET SUGAR, BEETS, BERRIES, BEVERAGES, BILATERAL AGREEMENTS, BILATERAL TRADE, BILATERAL TRADE RELATIONS, BRAN, BREAD, BREAKFAST CEREALS, BREWING, BROCCOLI, BUCKWHEAT, BUTTER, CANDY, CARROTS, CASHEW NUTS, CASSAVA, CASSAVA STARCH, CASTOR BEANS, CAULIFLOWERS, CEREALS, CHEESE, CHERRIES, CHESTNUTS, CHOCOLATE, CHOCOLATES, CIGARETTES, CIGARS, CINNAMON, CITRUS FRUIT, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, CLOVES, COCOA, COCOA BEANS, COCOA BUTTER, COCONUT, COCONUTS, COFFEE, COIR, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMMODITY, COMMON MARKET, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, CONDENSED MILK, CONFECTIONERY, COPRA, CORN, COTTON, COTTONSEED, COTTONSEED OIL, CREAM, CROP, CROPS, CUCUMBERS, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS DUTIES, CUSTOMS TERRITORY, CUSTOMS UNION, DAIRY, DAIRY PRODUCTS, DATES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DOMESTIC PRODUCERS, DOMESTIC REGULATION, DRIED MILK, EGGS, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, EXPORT VALUE, EXTRACTS, FAO, FARM, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMS, FATS, FERTILIZER, FIBER CROPS, FIELD CROPS, FLAX, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD INDUSTRY, FOOD LAW, FOOD POLICY, FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD PROCESSORS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SAFETY, FOOD SECURITY, FREE ACCESS, FREE ACCESS TO IMPORTS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREE TRADE AREA, FRESH FRUIT, FRUIT, FRUITS, FUNGI, GARLIC, GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, GLUTEN, GRAIN, GRAINS, GRAPEFRUIT, GRAPES, GREENHOUSES, GROUNDNUT, GROUNDNUT OIL, GROUNDNUTS, GUAVAS, GUMS, HAM, HAZARD, HAZARDS, HEMP, HONEY, HORTICULTURE, IMPORT DUTIES, INNOVATION, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, JOJOBA, JOJOBA OIL, JUICES, JUTE, LABOR FORCE, LEATHER, LEEKS, LEMONS, LENTILS, LIMES, LINSEED, LINSEED OIL, MAIZE, MALT, MANGOES, MEAL, MEAT, MILLET, MOLASSES, MULTILATERAL PROCESS, MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS, MUSHROOMS, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL RESOURCES, NATURAL RUBBER, NON-TARIFF BARRIERS, NUT, NUTMEG, NUTS, OATS, OFFAL, OIL PALM, OILSEEDS, OKRA, OLIVE OIL, OLIVES, ONIONS, ORANGE, ORANGE JUICE, ORANGES, ORCHARDS, PADDY, PALM OIL, PAPAYAS, PASTA, PEACHES, PEARS, PEAS, PEPPER, PEPPERS, PET FOOD, PIG MEAT, PINEAPPLES, PLUMS, POPULATION GROWTH, PORK, POTATOES, POULTRY, PREFERENTIAL REGIME, PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT, PRESERVATIVES, PROCESSED FOODS, PRODUCE, PRODUCTION INCENTIVES, PRODUCTION METHODS, PROTECTIONISM, PULSES, RAISINS, RAPESEED, RAPESEED OIL, REAL INCOME, RESTAURANTS, RICE, RICE BRAN, RICE FLOUR, RULES OF ORIGIN, RYE, SAFETY HAZARDS, SAFETY ISSUES, SESAME, SESAME OIL, SHEANUTS, SHEEP MEAT, SOILS, SORGHUM, SOYBEAN, SOYBEAN OIL, SOYBEANS, SPICES, SPINACH, STEEL, STRAW, STRAWBERRIES, SUGAR, SUGAR BEET, SUGAR CANE, SUGARS, SUNFLOWER, SUNFLOWER OIL, SUPERMARKETS, SYRUP, TANGERINES, TAPIOCA, TARIFF CONCESSIONS, TARIFF ESCALATION, TARIFF LINES, TARIFF PREFERENCES, TARIFF PROTECTION, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATE QUOTAS, TARIFF RATES, TARIFF REDUCTIONS, TARIFF SCHEDULE, TARIFF SCHEDULES, TEA, TECHNICAL BARRIERS, TERMS OF TRADE, TOBACCO, TOBACCO PRODUCTS, TOMATOES, TRADE AGREEMENTS, TRADE AREA, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE DEFICIT, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE POLICY MAKERS, TRADE POLICY REFORM, TRADE POLICY REVIEW, TRADE REGIMES, TRADE RELATIONS, TRADE RELATIONSHIPS, TRADE RESTRICTIONS, TRADE STRUCTURE, TRITICALE, TUBERS, TURNIPS, UNSKILLED LABOR, VANILLA, VEGETABLES, WAGES, WALNUTS, WATER SCARCITY, WAXES, WHEAT, WHEAT FLOUR, WHEY, WINE, WORLD TRADE