What Makes Cities Healthy?

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dc.creatorHa, Wei
dc.creatorYusuf, Shahid
dc.creatorNabeshima, Kaoru
dc.date2012-06-05T20:13:19Z
dc.date2012-06-05T20:13:19Z
dc.date2007-01
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:25:34Z
dc.descriptionThe benefits of good health to individuals and to society are strongly positive and improving the health of the poor is a key Millennium Development Goal. A typical health strategy advocated by some is increased public spending on health targeted to favor the poor and backed by foreign assistance, as well as by an international effort to perfect drugs and vaccines to ameliorate infectious diseases bedeviling the developing nations. But if the objective is better health outcomes at the least cost and a reduction in urban health inequity, the authors' research suggests that the four most potent policy interventions are: water and sanitation systems; urban land use and transport planning; effective primary care and health programs aimed at influencing diets and lifestyles; and education. The payoff from these four in terms of health outcomes dwarf the returns from new drugs and curative hospital-based medicine, although these certainly have their place in a modern urban health system. And the authors find that the resource requirements for successful health care policies are likely to depend on an acceleration of economic growth rates which increase household purchasing power and enlarge the pool of resources available to national and subnational governments to invest in health-related infrastructure and services. Thus, an acceleration of growth rates may be necessary to sustain a viable urban health strategy which is equitable and to ensure steady gains in health outcomes.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/01/7373087/makes-cities-healthy
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/7176
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4107
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/417980
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper; No. 4107
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectAGE GROUPS
dc.subjectAIDS EPIDEMIC
dc.subjectALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY
dc.subjectBABY
dc.subjectCANCER
dc.subjectCAPITAL COSTS
dc.subjectCAPITAL EXPENDITURE
dc.subjectCASUAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectCHILD MORTALITY
dc.subjectCHRONIC CONDITIONS
dc.subjectCIVIL WAR
dc.subjectCLEAN WATER
dc.subjectCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES
dc.subjectCRIME
dc.subjectDEATHS
dc.subjectDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEWORMING
dc.subjectDIET
dc.subjectDIETS
dc.subjectDISABILITIES
dc.subjectDISEASE CONTROL
dc.subjectDRUG ABUSE
dc.subjectDRUGS
dc.subjectEARLY CHILDHOOD
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC OUTCOMES
dc.subjectECONOMIC POLICIES
dc.subjectECONOMIC STATUS
dc.subjectEDUCATION
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectELDERLY
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFAMILY SIZE
dc.subjectFEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectFERTILITY
dc.subjectFERTILITY RATE
dc.subjectFOLIC ACID
dc.subjectHEALTH
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE
dc.subjectHEALTH CARE POLICIES
dc.subjectHEALTH CONDITIONS
dc.subjectHEALTH INDICATORS
dc.subjectHEALTH INEQUITIES
dc.subjectHEALTH OUTCOMES
dc.subjectHEALTH PROBLEMS
dc.subjectHEALTH PROGRAMS
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectHEALTH STATUS
dc.subjectHEALTH SYSTEM
dc.subjectHEALTH SYSTEMS
dc.subjectHEALTHY CITIES
dc.subjectHIV
dc.subjectHOSPITAL
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectHOUSING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectHOUSING UNITS
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN LIFE
dc.subjectILL-HEALTH
dc.subjectILLITERACY
dc.subjectIMPACT ON HEALTH
dc.subjectIMPROVEMENTS IN MORTALITY
dc.subjectINCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectINCOME GROUPS
dc.subjectINCOME GROWTH
dc.subjectINCOME INEQUALITY
dc.subjectINDIVIDUAL HEALTH
dc.subjectINDOOR AIR POLLUTION
dc.subjectINEQUITIES
dc.subjectINFANT
dc.subjectINFANT HEALTH
dc.subjectINFANT HEALTH CARE
dc.subjectINFANT MORTALITY
dc.subjectINFECTIOUS DISEASES
dc.subjectINHABITANTS
dc.subjectINHERITANCE
dc.subjectINTERVENTION
dc.subjectINVESTMENT IN CHILDREN
dc.subjectINVESTMENT IN EDUCATION
dc.subjectIRON
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLAND USE POLICIES
dc.subjectLEADING CAUSES
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCIES
dc.subjectLIFE EXPECTANCY
dc.subjectLIFESTYLES
dc.subjectLIVING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectLIVING STANDARDS
dc.subjectLOW INCOME
dc.subjectLOWER FERTILITY
dc.subjectMALARIA
dc.subjectMATERNAL HEALTH
dc.subjectMEASLES
dc.subjectMEDICARE
dc.subjectMIGRANTS
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL
dc.subjectMORALITY
dc.subjectMORBIDITY
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectNUTRITION
dc.subjectOCCUPATIONS
dc.subjectOLD AGE
dc.subjectORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
dc.subjectOVERCROWDING
dc.subjectPERSONAL HYGIENE
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOLLUTION
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH RATE
dc.subjectPOPULATION SIZE
dc.subjectPRIMARY CARE
dc.subjectPROBABILITY
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPUBLIC HEALTH
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectRATE OF GROWTH
dc.subjectRESOURCE ALLOCATION
dc.subjectRESOURCE REQUIREMENTS
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSAFE DRINKING WATER
dc.subjectSAFE WATER
dc.subjectSANITATION
dc.subjectSCARCE RESOURCES
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSIBLINGS
dc.subjectSLUM DWELLERS
dc.subjectSOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subjectSOCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN CENTERS
dc.subjectURBAN COMMUNITIES
dc.subjectURBAN HOUSING
dc.subjectURBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectURBAN LAND
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATIONS
dc.subjectURBAN POVERTY
dc.subjectURBAN SLUMS
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectVACCINATION
dc.subjectVACCINES
dc.subjectVIOLENCE
dc.subjectWASTE
dc.subjectWASTE DISPOSAL
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.subjectWORKFORCE
dc.subjectWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
dc.titleWhat Makes Cities Healthy?

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