Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Interventions in Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper uses new data on agricultural
policy interventions to examine the political economy of
agricultural trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Historically, African governments have discriminated against
agricultural producers in general (relative to producers in
non-agricultural sectors), and against producers of export
agriculture in particular. While more moderate in recent
years, these patterns of discrimination persist. They do so
even though farmers comprise a political majority. Rather
than claiming the existence of a single best approach to the
analysis of policy choice, the authors explore the impact of
three factors: institutions, regional inequality, and tax
revenue-generation. The authors find that agricultural
taxation increases with the rural population share in the
absence of electoral party competition; yet, the existence
of party competition turns the lobbying disadvantage of the
rural majority into political advantage. The authors also
find that privileged cash crop regions are particular
targets for redistributive taxation, unless the
country's president comes from that region. In
addition, governments of resource-rich countries, while
continuing to tax export producers, reduce their taxation of
food consumers.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, AGRICULTURAL POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURE, ARABLE LAND, ARID NORTH, CASH CROP, CASH CROPS, CASSAVA, CITIZENS, COCOA, COCOA INDUSTRY, COFFEE INDUSTRY, COMPETITIVENESS, CONFLICT, CROP PRODUCTION, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMOCRACY, DISCRIMINATION, DOMESTIC PRICES, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, EXPORTS, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARMERS, FOOD CONSUMERS, FOOD CROP, FOOD CROPS, FOOD PRICES, FOOD SECURITY, FOODCROPS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL MARKETS, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, LABOR FORCE, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, MAIZE, NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, NATIONAL POPULATION, NATURAL ENDOWMENTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUTS, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, POLITICAL POWER, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOR, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR REGIONS, POPULATION CHANGES, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, PRODUCTION OF CASH CROPS, PROGRESS, PROSPEROUS REGIONS, REAL GDP, REDISTRIBUTIVE TAXATION, REGIONAL ALLOCATION, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, REGIONAL INCOME, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, REGIONALISM, RESPECT, RICE, RICH REGIONS, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL CONSUMERS, RURAL DWELLERS, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POPULATIONS, RURAL SECTOR, SECTORAL POLICIES, SOCIAL WELFARE, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, SUGAR, TEA, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TUBERS, WHEAT, YAMS