European eel in the Mediterranean Sea
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European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a temperate, catadromous species with a wide distribution range that includes coastal, transitional and inland waters of Europe and the wider Mediterranean region. The unique and still not fully understood life cycle of this migratory species is assumed to begin with spawning in the Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic, after which oceanic larvae (leptocephali) are transported by currents across the Atlantic Ocean to the coasts of the species’ distribution range, where they metamorphose into glass eels that recruit to continental waters. Here, they live and grow until sexual maturity, which triggers their return to the Sargasso Sea. European eel stocks have been affected by numerous natural or human induced pressures including fishing and habitat-related impacts. In recent decades, this species has undergone a dramatic decline in abundance throughout its distribution range due to these causes. This publication compiles and presents the results of the analyses carried out under the umbrella of the GFCM Research programme on European eel, which was conducted from 2020 to 2022 as a concerted action joining the forces of ongoing work by research institutes, universities, and the relevant administrations of nine partner countries (Algeria, Albania, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Türkiye). The overall objective of the work carried out under the research programme was to provide the scientific basis for advice on management measures towards the recovery of the European eel population, using the evidence collected as a foundation for action tailored to the Mediterranean Sea.