Portability of Pension, Health, and Other Social Benefits
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Portability of social benefits across
professions and countries is an increasing concern for
individuals and policy makers. Lacking or incomplete
transfers of acquired social rights are feared to negatively
impact individual labor market decisions as well as capacity
to address social risks with consequences for economic and
social outcomes. The paper gives a fresh and provocative
look on the international perspective of the topic that has
so far been dominated by social policy lawyers working
within the framework of bilateral agreements; the input by
economists has been very limited. It offers an analytical
framework for portability analysis that suggests separating
the risk pooling, (implicit or actual) pre-funding and
redistributive elements in the benefit design and explores
the proposed alternative approach for pensions and health
care benefits. This promising approach may serve both as a
substitute and complement to bi- and multilateral agreements.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCRUAL RATE, ACCRUAL RATES, ACCUMULATED SAVINGS, ADVOCACY, AGING, ANNUITY, ARBITRAGE, ARMED CONFLICTS, BASIC HEALTH CARE, BASIC PENSION, BASIC PENSIONS, BENEFICIARY, BENEFIT FORMULA, BENEFIT LEVEL, BENEFIT LEVELS, BENEFIT PAYMENT, BENEFIT SCHEMES, BONDS, BUDGET CONSTRAINT, CAPITAL MARKET, CASH TRANSFERS, CENSUSES, CHILD CARE, CITIZEN, COLLATERAL, COMPENSATION, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CONTRIBUTION COLLECTION, CONTRIBUTION PAYMENTS, CONTRIBUTION PERIOD, CONTRIBUTION PERIODS, CONTRIBUTION RATE, CONTRIBUTION RATES, COURT, DEBT, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, DEFINED BENEFIT, DEFINED BENEFIT SCHEME, DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, DEFINED CONTRIBUTIONS, DISABILITY, DISABILITY PENSIONS, DISBURSEMENT, DISCRIMINATION, DISEASES, DIVORCES, DOMINANCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ELDERLY, EU, EU DIRECTIVE, EU DIRECTIVES, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FINANCIAL ASSETS, FINANCIAL CAPITAL, FLAT RATE CONTRIBUTIONS, FUNDED SCHEMES, FUTURE PENSION, GLOBAL COMMISSION, GLOBALIZATION, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH WORKERS, HOME, HOME COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCE, HUMAN RIGHTS, ILLEGAL MIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION POLICY, IMPLICIT TAX, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS, INFORMAL SECTOR, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE PREMIUM, INSURANCE SCHEMES, INTEREST RATE, INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY, INTERNATIONAL SWAP, INVENTORY, JUSTICE, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRANTS, LABOR SUPPLY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LEGISLATION, LIABILITY, LIFETIME EARNINGS, LONG-TERM CARE, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MARKET CONDITIONS, MARKET FAILURE, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION FOR EMPLOYMENT, MIGRATION ISSUES, MINIMUM BENEFIT, MINIMUM BENEFIT GUARANTEES, MINIMUM INCOME, MORAL HAZARDS, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS, MULTILATERAL ARRANGEMENTS, NATIONAL LEGISLATION, NATIONAL PENSION, NATIONALS, NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, OCCUPATIONAL PENSIONS, OCCUPATIONAL SCHEMES, OLD AGE, OLD-AGE, OLD-AGE PENSION, OLD-AGE PENSIONS, PENSION, PENSION AT RETIREMENT, PENSION BENEFIT, PENSION BENEFITS, PENSION CONTRIBUTION, PENSION CONTRIBUTIONS, PENSION FRAMEWORK, PENSION REFORMS, PENSION RIGHTS, PENSION SCHEME, PENSION SCHEMES, PENSION SERVICE, PENSION SYSTEM, PENSION SYSTEMS, PENSIONERS, PENSIONS, PERSONAL INCOME, PILLAR BENEFIT, POLICY ANALYSIS, POLICY MAKERS, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC PENSION, PURCHASING POWER, RATES OF RETURN, REGIONAL AGREEMENTS, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, REPAYMENT, RESERVE, RESERVE FUND, RESERVES, RESPECT, RETIREE, RETIREES, RETIREMENT, RETIREMENT ACCOUNT, RETIREMENT AGE, RETIREMENT DECISIONS, RETIREMENT INCOME, RETIREMENT INCOME PROVISIONS, RETIREMENT PENSIONS, RETURN, RETURNS, RISK CONTROL, RISK MANAGEMENT, RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, RISK POOLING, RISK PROFILE, RISK PROFILES, SAVINGS ACCOUNT, SECURITY AGREEMENTS, SERVICE PROVIDER, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL INSURANCE, SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PENSION, SOCIAL PENSIONS, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS, SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL SERVICES FOR MIGRANTS, SOLVENCY, STOCKS, SUPPLEMENTARY PENSION, SUPPLEMENTARY PENSIONS, TAX, TAX DEDUCTION, TAX FINANCING, TAX RATES, TAX TREATMENT, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, VOLUNTARY PENSIONS, WELFARE STATE, WILL, WORK FORCE, WORKERS, WORLD POPULATION, YOUNG AGE