Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective

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dc.creatorLofgren, Hans
dc.date2013-04-10T19:02:25Z
dc.date2013-04-10T19:02:25Z
dc.date2013-03
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:56:12Z
dc.descriptionThis paper addresses policies aimed at closing the rural-urban gap for one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). The paper relies on the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a computable general equilibrium model, applied to the database of an archetypical low-income country. The scenarios, which focus on the period 2013-2030, include a "business-as-usual" base scenario and policy scenarios that analyze efforts to raise the rural population up to the urban level in terms of health services or the under-five mortality rate. The policy scenarios are implemented with alternative sources of fiscal space. The results indicate that, if current trends continue, considerable progress for MDGs should be expected by 2030. If the government raises rural health services, then the decline in the rural U5MR would accelerate. If most additional resources come from foreign grants or government efficiency gains, then the repercussions for other development indicators, including poverty reduction, would be positive. However, if most additional resources are from domestic taxes or borrowing, then progress for the rural U5MR would come at the expense of less progress for other indicators. Sensitivity analysis shows that these qualitative findings are robust to different values for two parameters related to initial rural-urban cost and service gaps. However, quantitatively, the results depend on the values of these two parameters, implying that individual country characteristics strongly influence the fiscal-space requirements for and consequences of equalizing rural-urban MDG services and outcomes.
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dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/03/17487083/closing-rural-urban-mdg-gaps-low-income-countries-general-equilibrium-perspective
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/13133
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6390
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/413203
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.relationPolicy Research Working Paper;No. 6390
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL LAND
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SERVICES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectBALANCE OF PAYMENTS
dc.subjectBANK POLICY
dc.subjectBASE YEAR
dc.subjectBASIC SANITATION
dc.subjectBUDGET CONSTRAINT
dc.subjectBUDGET CONSTRAINTS
dc.subjectCAPITAL ACCOUNT
dc.subjectCAPITAL STOCK
dc.subjectCAPITAL STOCKS
dc.subjectCAPITAL USE
dc.subjectCHECKS
dc.subjectCOMMODITY PRICES
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION INCREASES
dc.subjectCONSUMPTION SMOOTHING
dc.subjectDEBT
dc.subjectDEBT STOCKS
dc.subjectDEMAND CURVES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDISPOSABLE INCOME
dc.subjectDOMESTIC BORROWING
dc.subjectDOMESTIC CURRENCY
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKETS
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
dc.subjectECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subjectECONOMIC SYSTEMS
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEXPENDITURE
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectFACTOR DEMAND
dc.subjectFINANCES
dc.subjectFISCAL POLICIES
dc.subjectFISCAL POLICY
dc.subjectFOREIGN CURRENCY
dc.subjectFOREIGN DEBT
dc.subjectFOREIGN DEBTS
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFOREIGN EXCHANGE
dc.subjectFOREIGN INTEREST
dc.subjectFULL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectFUNCTIONAL FORMS
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGDP PER CAPITA
dc.subjectGINI COEFFICIENT
dc.subjectGLOBAL ECONOMY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT BORROWING
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT BUDGET
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT CAPACITY
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT DEBT
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT DEBTS
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT POLICIES
dc.subjectGOVERNMENT SPENDING
dc.subjectGROSS NATIONAL SAVINGS
dc.subjectGROWTH RATE
dc.subjectHEALTH OUTCOMES
dc.subjectHEALTH POLICY
dc.subjectHEALTH SECTOR
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectHEALTH WORKERS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD BUDGET
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD INCOMES
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SAVINGS
dc.subjectHOUSEHOLD SURVEY
dc.subjectHUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subjectINCOME LEVELS
dc.subjectINEQUALITY
dc.subjectINTEREST INCOME
dc.subjectINTEREST PAYMENTS
dc.subjectINTERNAL RATES OF RETURN
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subjectINVESTMENT FINANCING
dc.subjectINVESTMENT RATES
dc.subjectLABOR FORCE
dc.subjectLABOR MARKET
dc.subjectLACK OF SANITATION
dc.subjectLACK OF WATER
dc.subjectLEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLEVELS OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectLIVING CONDITIONS
dc.subjectLOCAL CURRENCY
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLOW-INCOME COUNTRY
dc.subjectMARKET CONSTRAINTS
dc.subjectMARKET PRICES
dc.subjectMATERNAL MORTALITY
dc.subjectMEDICINES
dc.subjectMIGRATION
dc.subjectMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL
dc.subjectMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
dc.subjectMORTALITY
dc.subjectMORTALITY RATE
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCE
dc.subjectOPPORTUNITY COSTS
dc.subjectPAYMENT FLOWS
dc.subjectPOLICY ANALYSIS
dc.subjectPOLICY DISCUSSIONS
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH
dc.subjectPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER
dc.subjectPOOR
dc.subjectPOOR PEOPLE
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROUPS
dc.subjectPOVERTY DATA
dc.subjectPOVERTY INDICATORS
dc.subjectPOVERTY RATES
dc.subjectPOVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGES
dc.subjectPRICE LEVELS
dc.subjectPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectPRIVATE CAPITAL
dc.subjectPRIVATE CAPITAL STOCKS
dc.subjectPRIVATE INVESTMENT
dc.subjectPRIVATE TRANSFERS
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subjectPROFIT MAXIMIZATION
dc.subjectPROFIT RATE
dc.subjectPROGRESS
dc.subjectPURCHASING POWER
dc.subjectRATE OF POPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectREAL EXCHANGE RATE
dc.subjectREMITTANCES
dc.subjectRESEARCH PROGRAM
dc.subjectRESPECT
dc.subjectRETURNS
dc.subjectRURAL
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectRURAL GROWTH
dc.subjectRURAL HEALTH
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLD
dc.subjectRURAL HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subjectRURAL MIGRATION
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATION
dc.subjectRURAL POPULATIONS
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY RATE
dc.subjectRURAL POVERTY RATES
dc.subjectRURAL SERVICE
dc.subjectRURAL WATER
dc.subjectSAFE WATER
dc.subjectSANITATION
dc.subjectSAVINGS
dc.subjectSAVINGS RATES
dc.subjectSCHOOL ATTENDANCE
dc.subjectSERVICE DELIVERY
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVISION
dc.subjectSTOCKS
dc.subjectSTRUCTURAL CHANGE
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVE
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVES
dc.subjectTARGETING
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTERTIARY EDUCATION
dc.subjectTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRUST FUND
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT RATE
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN BIAS
dc.subjectURBAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATIONS
dc.subjectURBAN POVERTY
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectVALUE ADDED
dc.subjectWAGES
dc.subjectWORKERS
dc.titleClosing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective

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