Changing Norms about Gender Inequality in Education : Evidence from Bangladesh
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Using a recent household survey for two
cohorts of married women, this paper examines norms about
gender equality in education for children and adults. Among
the main findings are that gender education gap norms have
changed: younger generations of women are more positive
about female vs. male education, both as pertaining to child
and adult education outcomes. Perhaps the strongest result
is that Bangladeshi women are more likely to espouse
attitudes of gender equality in education for their children
and less so about gender equality among spouses. It is also
easier to explain norms regarding children's education
and more difficult to explain norms about equality in
marriages. The authors believe that question on relative
education of boys and girls captures the value of education
per se, while the question on educational equality in
marriage captures the norms regarding marriage and the
relative worth of husbands and wives. The effect of
education in determining norms is significant though
complex, and spans own and spousal education, as well as
that of older females in the household. This indicates
sharing of education norms effects or externalities arising
from spousal education in the production of gender education
gap norms within marriage as well as arising from the
presence of older educated females in the household.
Lastly, the authors also find associations between gender
education gap norms and household poverty, information
processing and religion, though the evidence here is more mixed.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ADULT EDUCATION, CHILD EDUCATION, CHILDBEARING, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, DEMAND FOR GIRLS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISEASES, DIVORCE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, EARLY MARRIAGE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION FOR GIRLS, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EMPOWERMENT, EQUAL EDUCATION, EQUALITY IN EDUCATION, EQUALITY IN MARRIAGE, ETHNIC MINORITIES, EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION, FAMILIAL ROLES, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY PREFERENCES, FERTILITY RATE, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, GENDER, GENDER & SOCIETY, GENDER ASSESSMENT, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION, GENDER GAP, GENDER IDEOLOGY, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER NORMS, GIRL CHILDREN, GIRLS, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, HEALTH CARE, HOME, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD POVERTY, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBAND, HUSBANDS, IMPACT OF EDUCATION, IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE, KINSHIP, KINSHIP STRUCTURE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOUR FORCE, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOUR MARKET, LEADERSHIP, LEARNING, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, MARITAL RELATIONSHIP, MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS, MARRIAGES, MARRIED MALE, MARRIED MEN, MARRIED WOMEN, MIDDLE EAST, MIGRANTS, MORTALITY, MORTALITY DECLINE, MOTHER, MUSLIM WOMEN, OLD AGE, OLDER WOMEN, OPINION LEADERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION COUNCIL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, PROGRESS, QUALITY CARE, QUALITY EDUCATION, RADIO, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, REPRODUCTIVE DECISION, RESIDENCE, RESPECT, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATIONS, SANITATION, SANITATION FACILITIES, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SEX, SEX PREFERENCES, SEX ROLE, SEX ROLES, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL INEQUALITY, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION, SOCIETAL NORMS, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, SON PREFERENCE, SOUTH ASIAN, SPOUSE, SPOUSES, STD, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TELEVISION, UPBRINGING, VIOLENCE, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, WIFE, WILL, WIVES, WOMAN, WOMEN IN EDUCATION, WOMEN'S STATUS, YOUNG GIRLS, YOUNG WOMEN