Russian Federation Gender Assessment
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Washington, DC
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An egalitarian socialist legacy and
relatively high and growing levels of income, particularly
over the last decade, have translated into fairly equal
gender outcomes in Russia along many dimensions. There are
no significant differences in education levels between men
and women, and in recent years more young women have
completed post-secondary education than young men. Girls
outperform boys in reading in standardized exams and do as
well as them in math and science. At first glance, women do
not seem to have difficulties in transitioning from school
to work or remaining employed over the life cycle. And
female labor force participation is significantly above the
levels observed in other countries in Europe and Central
Asia, as well as in the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, or OECD. This new assessment of
gender equality issues in Russia seeks to gauge the progress
in all the domains of outcomes during the last 10 years, and
to further understand the main causes behind the persisting
gender gaps identified in the country. This assessment
builds on the analytical framework proposed by the World
Development Report 2012: gender equality and development
(World Bank 2012a) to provide a general overview of gender
issues in Russia, and it builds on literature at the
frontier in economics to go deeper in the two selected
topics: adult mortality and gender gap in pay.
Palabras clave
ABORTION, ABORTION RATE, ACCESS TO RESOURCES, ADULT EDUCATION, ADULT MEN, ADULT MORTALITY, ADULT WOMEN, ADULTHOOD, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AGING, AGRICULTURE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, ALCOHOLISM, ASSESSMENT OF GENDER, AWARENESS RAISING, BIRTH RATES, BIRTHS, BREADWINNER, BREAST, BREAST CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CAREGIVERS, CAUSES OF DEATH, CERVICAL CANCER, CHILD CARE, CHILD-REARING RESPONSIBILITIES, CHILDBEARING, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD, CONTROL OVER RESOURCES, DEATH RATES, DEATHS, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DISCRIMINATION, DISSEMINATION, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DYING, ECONOMIC CHANGES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMICS, EDUCATED WOMEN, ELDERLY, ELDERLY MEN, ELDERLY WOMEN, EMERGENCIES, EQUAL ACCESS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EQUAL PAY, EQUIPMENT, EU, EXCESS MORTALITY, FAMILIES, FAMILY FORMATION, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES, FAMILY RESPONSIBILITY, FATHERS, FEMALE, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FEMALE HEAD, FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FEMALE HEADS, FEMALE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLD, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE POPULATION, FEMALE RESEARCHERS, FEMALES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER WOMEN, FIRST BIRTH, FIRST BIRTHS, GENDER, GENDER ASPECTS, GENDER ASSESSMENT, GENDER ASYMMETRIES, GENDER DIFFERENCE, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISPARITIES, GENDER DISPARITY, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER EQUALITY ISSUES, GENDER GAP, GENDER GAPS, GENDER GAPS IN ACCESS, GENDER IMBALANCES, GENDER INEQUALITIES, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENDER ISSUES, GENDER NEUTRAL, GENDER NORMS, GENDER PARITY, GENDER ROLES, GENDER SPECIALIST, GENDER STATISTICS, GENDER STEREOTYPES, GENDER STUDIES, GENDER WAGE GAPS, GIRLS, GYNECOLOGY, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH WORKERS, HIV, HOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUSBAND, ILL HEALTH, ILLEGAL ABORTIONS, ILLNESSES, IMMIGRANTS, INFORMATION FOR WOMEN, INJURIES, INJURY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, LABOR CODE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOUR CODE, LEGAL ABORTION, LEGAL STATUS, LEGISLATION, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVE BIRTHS, MALE MORTALITY, MALE PARTICIPATION, MALES, MARITAL STATUS, MARKET ECONOMY, MARRIAGES, MASCULINITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE, MATERNITY LEAVE, MEDICAL SERVICES, MIDDLE AGE, MIGRANTS, MORTALITY LEVELS, MORTALITY RATES, MOTHER, MOTHERS, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, NURSES, OBSTETRICS, OLDER WOMEN, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PARLIAMENTARY UNION, PARTICIPATION IN DECISION, PARTICIPATION IN SOCIETY, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PENSION, POLICY MAKERS, POLITICAL DECISION, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, POPULATION TRENDS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRODUCTIVE YEARS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY, REMITTANCES, REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN, RESEARCH COMMUNITY, RESPECT, RISK FACTORS, RISK-TAKING, RISKY BEHAVIOR, ROLE OF WOMEN, RURAL AREAS, RURAL WOMEN, SANCTIONS, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL HOURS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SEX, SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES, SKILLED WOMEN, SOCIAL INSURANCE, SOCIAL NORMS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, STATE UNIVERSITY, SUICIDE, SUICIDES, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TERTIARY LEVEL, TEXTILES, TRADITIONAL VALUES, UNDP, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS, UNITED NATIONS, UNIVERSITIES, URBAN AREAS, VICTIMS, VIOLENCE, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, WAGE GAP, WDR, WIFE, WILL, WOMAN, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, WOMEN IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP, WOMEN WITH CHILDREN, WOMEN'S ISSUES, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN