Urban Health Advantages and Penalties in India
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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It is increasingly recognized that India
is urbanizing rapidly, that urbanization is accompanying and
contributing to economic growth, but that living conditions
in urban areas are often not adequate, particularly for the
poor. Health, nutrition, and population conditions are an
important part of the urbanization equation. This paper
explores the extent to which health, nutrition, and
population conditions may be contributing to the benefits of
urbanization, as well as the extent to which they may
reflect its costs. This is an exploratory study that reviews
available information on health, nutrition, and population
conditions in urban India. Recognizing that national
generalizations and statistics may mask considerable
diversity in how the opportunities and challenges of
urbanization and health are met in different cities across
the country, this paper also draws on specifics of four case
studies: Chennai in Tamil Nadu, Bhubaneswar in Odisha,
Meerut in Uttar Pradesh, and Shillong in Meghalaya. The
summary section provides an overview of this exploratory
analysis, discussing the patterns and issues that emerge,
along with policy implications in section one. This
introductory section two briefly discusses how urbanization
and health may be conceptualized, and describes the
methodology of this paper. Section three describes
governance and organization of urban health systems.
Sections four and five review data on the demographic and
epidemiological situation in urban India, as well as service
utilization. Section six analyzes disparities in health
outcomes and access to services, and section seven focuses
on water supply and sanitation in urban areas.
Palabras clave
SANITATION, LIVING STANDARDS, WASTE, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, RISKS, SEX WORKERS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, QUALITY OF SERVICES, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, URBANIZATION, PEOPLE, VACCINATION, EPILEPSY, ANTENATAL CARE, PREVENTION, LIVE BIRTHS, MORBIDITY, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY HEALTH, PEDIATRICS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH CARE, DEATH RATE, CERVICAL CANCER, LEGAL STATUS, HEALTH, BREAST CANCER, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, CRIME, SMOKERS, HYPERTENSION, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, RURAL POPULATION, HEALTH FACILITIES, HOSPITAL, PUBLIC HEALTH, LIFE EXPECTANCY, HOSPITALIZATION, KNOWLEDGE, LEPROSY, DIABETES, EXERCISES, RURAL POPULATIONS, PERSONAL HYGIENE, IMMUNIZATION, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, PATIENTS, PATIENT, SMOKING, INTERVENTION, HEALTH INDICATORS, FAMILY HEALTH, RAPE, AGING, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, MIGRATION, NURSES, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, OBSERVATION, VIOLENCE, DISSEMINATION, POLLUTION, MEDICAL CARE, DISASTERS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, SCREENING, BIRTH RATE, MIGRANTS, INTERVIEW, MENTAL HEALTH, MORTALITY, MEDICAL TREATMENT, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, HOMELESS PEOPLE, CHILDBIRTH, DIPHTHERIA, WORKERS, AGED, SOCIAL SERVICES, INSURANCE SCHEMES, DELIVERIES IN HEALTH FACILITIES, SURVEILLANCE, ECONOMIC STATUS, HEALTH POLICY, MEDICAL SPECIALISTS, POLICY DOCUMENT, HEALTH OUTCOMES, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, HYGIENE, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN AREAS, FAMILY PLANNING, STRESS, CHILD NUTRITION, MEASUREMENT, NUTRITION, SERVICE UTILIZATION, POPULATIONS, INJURIES, QUALITY CONTROL, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, POLICY, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, WASTE DISPOSAL, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, RISK FACTORS, HEALTH SYSTEM, DELIVERY CARE, OUTPATIENT CARE, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, RURAL RESIDENTS, PREGNANT WOMEN, SOCIAL PLANNING, OBESITY, CHILDREN, DRINKING WATER, CLINICS, RURAL AREAS, ADDICTION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, WATER POLLUTION, POPULATION, HOSPITAL BEDS, LIVING CONDITIONS, URBAN SLUMS, STRATEGY, FERTILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, CANTEENS, REGISTRATION, FAMILIES, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, URBAN POPULATIONS, MEDICINES, HOSPITALS, QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, URBAN POPULATION, HEALTH SERVICES, IMPLEMENTATION, PREGNANCY, ABORTION, BREASTFEEDING, NURSING, NURSING HOMES