Labor Productivity and Employment Gaps in Sub-Saharan Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Drawing on a new set of nationally
representative, internationally comparable household
surveys, this paper provides an overview of key features of
structural transformation—labor allocation and labor
productivity—in four African economies. New, micro-based
measures of sector labor allocation and cross-sector
productivity differentials describe the incentives
households face when allocating their labor. These measures
are similar to national accounts-based measures that are
typically used to characterize structural changes in African
economies. However, because agricultural workers supply far
fewer hours of labor per year than do workers in other
sectors, productivity gaps disappear almost entirely when
expressed on a per-hour basis. What look like large
productivity gaps in national accounts data could really be
employment gaps, calling into question the prospective gains
that laborers can achieve through structural transformation.
These employment gaps, along with the strong linkages
observed between rural non-farm activities and primary
agricultural production, highlight agricultures continued
relevance to structural change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Palabras clave
LIVING STANDARDS, JOBS, EMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, COUNTRY COMPARISONS, PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, WORK FORCE, ACCOUNTING, PRODUCTION, LAGS, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, INCOME, INTEREST, SERVICE SECTOR, GROSS REVENUES, LABOR ALLOCATION, INDUSTRY, GROSS SALES, STRATEGIES, GDP PER CAPITA, INFORMATION, LABOR FORCE, SERVICES, WELFARE, JOB, EFFECTS, INCENTIVES, VARIABLES, INPUTS, RETAIL TRADE, PAYMENTS, SAVING, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, VALUE OF OUTPUT, TRENDS, DEVELOPMENT, PER CAPITA INCOMES, LABOR MARKET, SAVINGS, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, INDUSTRY WAGE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, TRANSPORT, ECONOMIC MOBILITY, FIRM LEVEL, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, WORKER, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, PRODUCTIVITY, ECONOMETRICS, INTEREST RATES, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MIGRATION, TOTAL WAGES, MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ORGANIZATIONS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, STANDARDS, LABOR, ENTERPRISES, NATURAL RESOURCES, FINANCE, EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, INFRASTRUCTURE, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, FACTOR MARKETS, CONSUMPTION, HUMAN CAPITAL, VALUE ADDED, WORKERS, WAGES, POLICIES, LABOR DEMAND, VALUE, BANK, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES, CLERKS, PURCHASING POWER, DEMAND, PERMANENT INCOME, OCCUPATIONS, AGE GROUPS, OCCUPATION, SAFETY NET, RURAL POVERTY, INCOME EARNING, CONSUMERS, AGRICULTURE, SERVICES CATEGORY, NET VALUE, RURAL WORKERS, MEASUREMENT, WAGE RATE, SHARES, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, DOWNWARD BIAS, EARNING, BENCHMARK, ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT, GOVERNANCE, LABOR ORGANIZATION, SERVICE SECTORS, TRADE, GDP, GOODS, LAND, SECURITY, MARGINAL REVENUE, INVESTMENT, RISK, PRODUCTIVITY GAP, CONTRACTING, LABORERS, LABOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS, TRANSACTIONS COSTS, SUPPLY, REVENUE, LABOR SUPPLY, PROFIT, DISSAVINGS, PRODUCTIVITY GAINS, AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, LABOR MARKETS, GOVERNMENTS, SAFETY, RURAL INDUSTRY, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, PRICES, LABOR SHARE, PRODUCTION COSTS, NON-FARM SECTOR, SERVICE PROVIDERS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, FUTURE RESEARCH, EXPECTED RETURNS, EMPLOYEES