Nicaragua - Poverty Assessment : Volume 3. Background Paper
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Washington, DC
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Nicaragua is a small, open economy that
is vulnerable to external and natural shocks. With an
estimated Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$1000
in 2006, and a total population of 5.2 million, it is one of
the poorest countries in Latin America. Forty six percent of
the population lived below the poverty line in 2005 (while
15 percent lived in extreme poverty), and the incidence of
poverty is more than twice as high in rural areas (68
percent) than in urban areas (29 percent). Nicaragua's
social indicators also rank among the lowest in the region,
commensurate with its relatively low per capita income
level. Nicaragua's long-term development vision is set
out in its National Development Plan (NDP), 2005-2009, which
gives greater importance to economic growth than the
strategy document that preceded it. This also serves as its
second Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The goals of the
PRS incorporate the MDGs, and establish medium (2006-2010)
to long term targets (2015). By 2005, the country had made
satisfactory progress on meeting the PRS/MDG targets for
reducing extreme poverty, increasing net primary enrollment,
and reducing infant and child mortality. This National
Development Plan is being revised by the new government that
took office on January 2007, which has expressed interest in
maintaining policy continuity in those areas that have shown
progress and tackling pending development challenges. These
include efforts to improve the country's growth
performance while reducing poverty, macroeconomic stability
as a necessary, although not sufficient, condition to
stimulate growth, and reduce poverty, a special focus on
social issues that impact the poorest, including the MDGs,
and environmental sustainability. Programmatic priorities
for the new administration include a renewed focus on
poverty reduction using a multi-sector approach,
implementing pragmatic solutions to the energy crisis for
the short to medium term; expanding water and sanitation
services with environmentally sustainable solutions; sharing
economic growth more broadly to tackle hunger, malnutrition
and poverty; placing greater emphasis on preventive health
and continuing social protection programs; extending
illiteracy programs and improving education services, and
pursuing municipal decentralization, state modernization,
and good governance.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCESS TO PRESCHOOL, ACCOUNTING, ADULT EDUCATION, ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAM, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY, CALCULATIONS, CANCER, CHILD CARE, CHILD CARE CENTERS, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILDBIRTH, CLASSROOMS, CLINICS, CONSUMER, CONTRIBUTION, CONTRIBUTIONS, COST PER STUDENT, DAY CARE, DENTISTRY, DISEASES, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION SERVICES, EDUCATION SPENDING, EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS, EDUCATIONAL CENTERS, EDUCATIONAL PARTICIPATION, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, EQUAL PARTICIPATION, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXERCISES, FAMILIES, FAMILY CONSUMPTION, FAMILY INCOME, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER CHILDREN, FINANCES, FOOD SUPPLEMENTS, FORMAL EDUCATION, GENERAL POPULATION, GENERAL PUBLIC, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, GRADE SCHOOLS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, HEALTH CENTERS, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEM, HIGH RATES OF FERTILITY, HOSPITALS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLNESS, ILLNESSES, IMMUNIZATION, INCOME GROUPS, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INCOMES, INDIGENOUS GROUPS, INFANT, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS, INJURIES, INSTITUTIONALIZATION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, LACK OF INFORMATION, LACK OF INTEREST, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, LEARNING, LEVEL OF DEBT, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOW INCOME, LOWER INCOME, LOWER-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, MALARIA, MEDICAL CARE, MEDICAL FACILITY, MEDICAL SERVICES, MEDICINES, MIGRATION, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, NATIONAL COUNCIL, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATURAL RESOURCES, NOURISHMENT, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NURSING, NUTRITION, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POOR FAMILIES, POOR INDIVIDUALS, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION GROUPS, POTENTIAL USERS, POVERTY LEVEL, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, PRESCHOOL CENTERS, PRESCHOOL EDUCATION, PREVENTION ACTIVITIES, PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PRIMARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PROGRESS, PROVISION OF EDUCATION, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HOSPITALS, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PUBLIC INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, PURCHASING POWER, QUALITY OF CARE, QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE, QUESTIONNAIRE, QUESTIONNAIRES, READING, RESPECT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL SCHOOLS, SANITATION, SAVINGS, SCHOLARSHIP, SCHOLARSHIPS, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL EXPENDITURES, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL STUDENTS, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SERVICE PROVISION, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL EXPENDITURES, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL STUDIES, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES, SPECIAL EDUCATION, SPENDING INCREASE, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHERS, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, TERTIARY LEVEL, TERTIARY LEVELS, TRANSPORTATION, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPULATION, USE PER CAPITA, VACCINATION, VALUABLE, VIOLENCE, VULNERABILITY, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG PEOPLE