2026-06-27http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/203524Livestock's impact on the environment is both positive and negative. Leaving ways to enhance positive effects to others, this paper focuses on reduction of adverse effects - the environmental costs of livestock production. Usefully, these adverse effects can be classified into on-site effects and off-site effects. Usually, the initial impact of on-site effects is on the productivity and quality of resources owned, controlled or used by livestock managers. The linkage between action and individua l welfare is direct. In the case of off-site effects, however, the dominant adverse affect is on the welfare of other people, future generations and the environment in general.50Non-FAODocument