2026-07-01http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/416574Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors.application/pdftext/plainCC BY 3.0 IGOhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/World BankACCESS TO SERVICESAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTAGRICULTURAL INCOMESAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL WAGESAGRICULTURECAPITAL THEORYCITIESCOLONIALISMCOMPETITIVENESSCREDIT MARKETSCULTURAL DIFFERENCESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESDISADVANTAGED AREASDISCRIMINATIONDISEQUILIBRIUMDIVIDENDSDUAL ECONOMYECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYECONOMIC OUTCOMESECONOMIC STATUSECONOMIC THEORYEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESETHNIC GROUPSETHNICITYEXPENDITURESFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY RESOURCESFARMERSFORMAL EDUCATIONFUTURE GENERATIONSHEALTH SERVICESHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL LEVELSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIDENTITYIMPERFECT INFORMATIONINCOME DIFFERENTIALINCOME GAPINCOME LEVELSINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINDIGENOUS GROUPSINDIGENOUS PEOPLEINDIGENOUS PEOPLESINDIGENOUS POPULATIONSINEQUALITYINSURANCEINSURANCE MARKETSINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONIRRIGATIONKINSHIPKINSHIP NETWORKSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLACK OF CREDITLACK OF INFRASTRUCTURELAND ASSETSLAND OWNERSHIPLAND RIGHTSLAND TENURELAND TITLINGLANDHOLDINGSLATIN AMERICANLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLEVELS OF EDUCATIONLIVING STANDARDSMARGINAL VALUEMIGRATIONNATURAL RESOURCESNORMSPENSIONSPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOORPOOR HEALTHPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPORTFOLIOPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY RATESPRICE FLUCTUATIONSPRIVATE TRANSFERSPRODUCTIVE ASSETSPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC ASSISTANCEPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGQUALITY CONTROLQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRATE OF RETURNRESPECTRETURN ON INVESTMENTRISK EXPOSURERUNNING WATERRURALRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL MARKETSSAVINGSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESKILLED WORKERSSMALLHOLDERSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL MOBILIZATIONSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL STRUCTURESOCIETIESSOCIETYSPOUSESSUBSISTENCE FARMINGSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETRADITIONAL VALUESTRANSACTION COSTSURBAN AREASURBAN ENVIRONMENTSVULNERABILITYWAGE DISCRIMINATIONWEALTHYOUNG CHILDREN