2026-07-01http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/414125Rural-urban migration is playing an increasingly important role in shaping the economic and demographic landscape of Chinese cities. Over the past two decades, China has transformed itself from a relatively immobile society to one in which more than 10 percent of the population are migrants. China's mobility rate is still low compared with that of advanced industrial economies, the sheer size of the migrant flows and their dramatic economic and social consequences have already profoundly affected economic growth and urban development. Looking ahead, decision makers at all levels will need to craft policies that address issues of migration and rural-urban migrants issues that are hotly debated among scholars, Chinese policy makers, and others. This report presents recent findings that describe migration patterns and changes since the 1980s.application/pdftext/plainCC BY 3.0 IGOhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/World BankACCELERATORACCIDENTSACID RAINAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR TRANSPORTAPPROPRIATE INCENTIVESAQUIFERSARTERYAUTOMOBILESCAPITAL MARKETSCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASECHILDBIRTHCHINESE POPULATIONCITIZENCLIMATE CHANGECOALCOMBAT POVERTYCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECONGESTIONCONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATIONCPIDEBTDECISION MAKINGDEMAND DEPOSITSDEPENDANTSDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDIMINISHING RETURNSDIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALEDISEASESDISSEMINATIONDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTHECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC CHANGEECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCESECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEELASTICITIESELASTICITYELDERLYEMISSIONSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY USEENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONEXPENDITURESEXTERNALITIESFERTILITYFERTILITY POLICIESFERTILITY RATESFINANCIAL RESOURCESFLOOR AREAFLOW OF MIGRANTSFLOWS OF PEOPLEFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFORESTRYFOSSIL FUELSGNPGOVERNMENT PROGRAMSGREEN ACCOUNTINGGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTGROUNDWATERHEALTH CAREHEALTH POLICIESHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMHIGHWAYSHUMAN CAPITALIFSIMMIGRANTSIMMIGRATIONIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME TAXINDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDSINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIALIZATIONINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE FINANCINGINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE · POLICIESINFRASTRUCTURESINSPECTIONINSURANCEINSURANCE SCHEMESJOB OPPORTUNITIESLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLAND USELAND USE POLICIESLARGE CITIESLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMIGRANTMIGRATIONMIXED USEMODERNIZATIONMOVEMENT OF PEOPLEMUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTNATIONAL FERTILITYNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESNET IMPORTSNOISENOISE POLLUTIONNUMBER OF MIGRANTSOILOIL EQUIVALENTOLD-AGEOLDER PEOPLEOPECPACE OF URBANIZATIONPASSENGER VEHICLESPENSIONSPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTPLACE OF RESIDENCEPOLICY CHANGEPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLLUTIONPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION PRESSURESPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY LINEPOWER PLANTSPRIVATE VEHICLEPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTIVITYPROGRESSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC SECURITYPUBLIC SERVICESQUALITY OF LIFERAILWAYRAILWAY SYSTEMREAL WAGESRECYCLINGREGIONAL POLICIESREMITTANCESRENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGYRESOURCE CONSUMPTIONRESOURCE MOBILIZATIONRESOURCE USERESPECTRISING DEMANDROADSRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL COUNTIESRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL INFRASTRUCTURERURAL POPULATIONSRURAL RESIDENTSSAFETYSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSANITATIONSANITATION FACILITIESSAVINGSSCARCITIESSCARCITY OF WATERSEA LEVELSECURITIESSOCIAL PROBLEMSSOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESSPILLOVERSUBWAYSULFUR DIOXIDETAXATIONTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETEMPORARY MIGRANTSTOXINSTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT SYSTEMUNDERGROUNDUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERURBAN CENTERSURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN DWELLERSURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATIONSURBAN POVERTYURBAN SLUMSURBAN SPRAWLURBANIZATIONUSE OF ENERGYUSE PER CAPITAVEHICLE USEVULNERABILITYWAGESWASTE DISPOSALWATER MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATER RESOURCESWATER SUPPLIESWETLANDSWORKFORCEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG PEOPLE