2026-07-01http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/412609Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers.application/pdftext/plainCC BY 3.0 IGOhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/World BankABSENCE OF OXYGENACID HYDROLYSISACID RECOVERYACIDSADSORPTIONAGRICULTURAL RESIDUESAIRAIR POLLUTIONALCOHOLSALGAL BIOMASSALKALIALKALI METALSALKALINESALKALISALTERNATIVE FUELALUMINUMAMMONIAANAEROBIC CONDITIONSANAEROBIC DIGESTIONANHYDROUS ETHANOLANIMAL FATANIMAL FATSANIMAL WASTESAPPROACHAQUATIC SPECIESASHATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC PRESSUREATPAUTOMOBILE FUELAVAILABILITYBIOCHEMICAL REACTIONSBIODIESELBIOFUELBIOFUEL PRODUCTIONBIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIESBIOFUELSBIOFUELS TECHNOLOGIESBIOGASBIOGAS PRODUCTIONBIOLOGICAL PROCESSESBIOMASSBIOMASS COMPONENTSBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS HARVESTINGBIOMASS PRODUCTIONBIOMASS YIELDBIOMETHANOLBIRDSCANOLACARBOHYDRATECARBOHYDRATESCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONCARBON MONOXIDECARBON SOURCECARBON SUGARSCATALYSTSCELLULASE ENZYMESCELLULOSECELLULOSIC ETHANOLCELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCTIONCELLULOSIC MATERIALSCH4CHEMICAL BONDSCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKSCHEMICAL PROCESSCHEMICAL PROCESSESCHEMICAL REACTIONCHEMICAL REACTIONSCHEMICAL SYNTHESISCHEMICALSCHEMISTRYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOCO2COAGULATIONCOALCOAL GASIFICATIONCOBALTCOMBUSTIONCONDENSATIONCONVERSION EFFICIENCYCONVERSION RATECOOKINGCOOKING OILCOPPERCORN COBSCORN GRAINCORN STOVERCROPCROP RESIDUESCRUDE OILCYCLONESDEWDEW POINTDIESELDIESEL ENGINESDILUTE SULFURIC ACIDDIMETHYL ETHERDISSOLVED OXYGENDISTILLATIONDOSAGEDROUGHTDUSTELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY CROPSENERGY INPUTENERGY OUTPUTENERGY POLICYENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY REQUIREMENTSENERGY SOURCEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENZYMATIC HYDROLYSISESTERESTERSETHANOL DISSOLVESETHANOL FERMENTATIONETHANOL FROM CORNETHANOL FUELETHANOL PLANTETHANOL PLANTSETHANOL PRODUCTION COSTSETHANOL PRODUCTION FACILITIESETHANOL YIELDETHANOL YIELDSEXPLOSIVEFATTY ACIDSFEEDSTOCKFEEDSTOCKSFERTILIZATIONFERTILIZERSFILTRATIONFORESTFOREST PRODUCTSFORESTRYFORESTSFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTIONFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL ETHANOLFUEL ETHANOL PRODUCTIONFUEL PRODUCTIONGASESGASIFICATIONGASIFICATION OF BIOMASSGASIFICATION PROCESSGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGYGASOLINEGENERATIONGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLUCOSEGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATIONHEATHEAT EXCHANGERHEAT EXCHANGERSHEMICELLULOSEHIGH ETHANOLHIGHER ETHANOLHYDROCARBONSHYDROCHLORIC ACIDHYDROGENHYDROGENATIONHYDROLYSISIMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCYIMPURITIESIPCCIRONLIGNINLIGNIN CONTENTLIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASSLIPIDSLIQUEFACTIONLIQUID FUELLIQUID FUELSLOW-SULFURMANGANESEMETABOLISMMETALSMETHANEMETHANOLMICROALGAEMOISTURE CONTENTNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS PIPELINENH3NICKELNITROGENNUTRIENTSOILOIL PALMOIL PRODUCEROIL PRODUCTIONOIL YIELDOILSORGANIC CARBONORGANIC CHEMICALSORGANIC COMPOUNDSORGANIC MATERIALSOXYGENPARTICLESPARTICULATESPETPETROLEUMPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPHPHENOLIC COMPOUNDSPHOTOSYNTHESISPLANT BIOMASSPLANT OILPOLYMERIZATIONPOWERPOWER PLANTSPPPROPANEPROTEINSPURE ETHANOLPURIFICATION SYSTEMPYROLYSISRAPESEEDRAW MATERIALRAW MATERIALSRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE FUELSRICE FARMERSRICE PRODUCTIONRICE STRAWSILICASO2SOYBEAN OILSUBSTRATESSUGARSUGAR BEETSUGAR YIELDSUGARCANESUGARS TO ETHANOLSULFURSULFUR OXIDESSUNLIGHTSURPLUS BAGASSESYNTHETIC FUELSTECHNOLOGIES FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTIONTEMPERATURETOXIC SUBSTANCESTRANSPORTATION FUELTRANSPORTATION FUELSTROPICAL REGIONSTURBIDITYVEGETABLE OILVEGETABLE OILSVEHICLESVITAMINSWHEATWOOD CHIPSWOOD INDUSTRYWOOD PROCESSINGWOODY BIOMASSZINC