2026-07-01http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/415772Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh.application/pdftext/plainCC BY 3.0 IGOhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/World BankACCESS TO MARKETSACCESSIBILITYACCOUNTINGAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTAGRICULTURAL GROWTHAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL WAGEAIRPORTCASH CROPSCEREALSCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCONGESTIONCOTTONCREDIT PROGRAMSCROPCROP PRODUCTIONDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIVERSIFICATIONDIVISION OF LABORECOLOGICAL ZONESEMPLOYMENT STATUSEXTERNALITIESFAOFARMFARM ACTIVITIESFARM ACTIVITYFARM EMPLOYMENTFARM INCOME AND EMPLOYMENTFARM PRODUCTIVITYFARM PRODUCTSFARM SECTORFARM WORKFARMINGFOOD POLICYFRUITSGREEN REVOLUTIONGROWTH IN AGRICULTUREHEMPHOUSEHOLD LEVEL DATAHOUSEHOLD SIZEINCOMEINCOME GROWTHINEQUALITYINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTIRRIGATIONJUTELABOR COSTSLABOR MARKETLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLAND OWNERSHIPLAND QUALITYLAND RESOURCESMOTIVATIONNONFARM INCOMEOCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONOCCUPATIONSPOORPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPOPULATION DENSITYPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRODUCTION SIDEPRODUCTION WORKERSPULSESRICERICE VARIETIESROADROAD INFRASTRUCTUREROAD NETWORKRURALRURAL ACTIVITIESRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL ECONOMYRURAL EMPLOYMENTRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOMERURAL INCOMERURAL INEQUALITYRURAL LINKAGESRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENTSRURAL ROADRURAL ROADSRURAL STRATEGYRURAL TOWNSRURAL WAGESSELF EMPLOYEDSELF-EMPLOYMENTSUB-SAHARAN AFRICASUBSISTENCESUGARCANETARGETINGTEATRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRAVEL SPEEDSTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIMESTRUEVEGETABLESVILLAGE LEVELWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE RATESWATER AVAILABILITYYIELDS