2026-06-27http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/185594The primary emphasis in this document is on ex post impact assessments (epIA) from the accountability perspective. It also refers to learning from impact assessments, although the limitations of epIA in this regard are such that SPIA contends there are other monitoring and evaluation instruments that are more effective for learning than epIA, as it is defined here. There may well be opportunities to enhance the value of epIA for learning and other monitoring and evaluation activities in the future and SPIA is initiating a study this year to explore this.94application/pdfFAOBook (stand-alone)