2026-07-09http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/568142This paper investigates the linkages between farmers’ machinery investment decision and off-farm employment in China. Both the theoretical model and the empirical results based on a survey of 453 households in Anhui Province indicate that agricultural labor input and small-size machinery investment are gross complements rather than substitutes when machinery service is available in the market. Consequently, farmers with small machinery are more likely to reduce their off-time employment time.Text