2026-07-09http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/525238This paper examines the impact of European Union policy on genetically modified organisms on trade flows and economic growth. Restrictive European Union policies on biotech production and consumption result in: an effective export subsidy of capital to the South; new trade flows; North America being the dominant producer of biotech research and development; the South being a dominant producer of biotech products; and the European Union being the dominant producer of traditional agricultural products.Text