2026-07-01http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/413748The current perspective on the flow of people is almost exclusively focused on permanent migration from poorer to richer countries and on immigration policies in industrial countries. But international mobility of people should no longer be seen as a one-time event or one-way flow from South to North. The economic crisis has accentuated the longer-term shift in location incentives for people in industrial countries. As consumers, they could obtain better and cheaper access to key services -- such as care for the elderly, health, and education -- whose costs at home are projected to increase in the future, threatening standards of living. As workers, they could benefit from new opportunities created by the shift in economic dynamism from industrial to emerging countries. But subtle incentives to stay at home, such as lack of portability of health insurance and non-recognition of qualifications obtained abroad, inhibit North-South mobility and need to be addressed. Furthermore, if beneficiaries of movement abroad exert countervailing power against those who support immigration barriers at home, then that could lead to greater inflows of people, boosting innovation and growth in the North. Eventually, growing two-way flows of people could create the possibility of a grand bargain to reduce impediments to the movement of people at every stage in all countries and help realize the full benefits of globalization.application/pdftext/plainCC BY 3.0 IGOhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/World BankACADEMIC YEARACCESS TO HEALTH CAREACCREDITATIONAGEDBABYBARRIERS TO ENTRYBENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATIONBRAIN DRAINBUSINESS SCHOOLCENTER FOR HEALTHCENTERS OF EXCELLENCECERTIFICATIONCITIZENSCOST OF EDUCATIONCOSTS SAVINGSCOUNTRIES OF ORIGINCOUNTRY CAPITALCRITICAL MASSDEBTDEBTSDEMOCRACIESDEMOCRACYDEMOGRAPHICDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGESDEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSDEPENDENCY RATIODEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISCRIMINATIONDISEASE CONTROLDISSEMINATIONDIVIDENDDOCTORSECONOMIC CRISESECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC DYNAMISMECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITYEDUCATED PEOPLEEDUCATIONAL DEGREESEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESELDERLYEMERGENCY CAREEMERGING MARKETSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESFACULTIESFEDERAL RESERVEFINANCIAL CRISESFLOW OF PEOPLEFLOWS OF PEOPLEFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN OWNERSHIPFOREIGN PROFESSIONALSFREEDOM OF MOVEMENTGLAUCOMAGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGRADUATE STUDENTSHARMONIZATIONHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE COSTSHEALTH CARE PROVIDERSHEALTH INSTITUTIONSHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH PLANSHEALTH SERVICESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSHOME COUNTRIESHOSPITALHOSPITALSHOST COUNTRIESHOST COUNTRYHUSBANDSIMMIGRANTIMMIGRANTSIMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION LAWSIMMIGRATION POLICIESIMMIGRATION POLICYIMMIGRATION REFORMINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOMESINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIESINDUSTRIAL COUNTRYINTEGRATIONINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONINTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL MOBILITYINTERNATIONALIZATIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE GROWTHLABOR MARKETLEARNINGLEGAL STATUSLIBERAL ENTRYLIBERALIZATIONLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMEDICAIDMEDICAL CAREMEDICAL COLLEGEMEDICAL EDUCATIONMEDICAL FACILITIESMEDICAL PROFESSIONALSMEDICAL SCHOOLMEDICAL SCHOOLSMEDICAL SERVICESMEDICAL TREATMENTMIGRATIONMODERNIZATIONMOVEMENT OF PEOPLENATIONAL BORDERSNATIONALSNUMBER OF PEOPLENURSESOLD AGEOPEN ACCESSOPEN DOORSPAPERSPATIENTSPENSIONPENSION LIABILITIESPENSIONSPHYSICIANSPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL OPPOSITIONPOLITICAL POWERPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOPULATION RESEARCHPRIVATE SCHOOLSPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONPROGRESSPUBLIC FINANCESQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE AGENCIESQUALITY OF CAREQUALITY OF EDUCATIONRAPID ECONOMIC GROWTHRAPID GROWTHREGIONAL HUBREGULATORSREPATRIATIONRESEARCHERSRICHER COUNTRIESSAVINGSSCHOLARSHIPSSCIENTISTSSCREENINGSKILLED LABORSKILLED PEOPLESKILLED PROFESSIONALSSOCIAL COSTSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSURGERYTAXTEACHERSTERTIARY EDUCATIONTUITIONTUITION FEESUNDOCUMENTED WORKERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNFUNDED PENSIONUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY COLLEGEUNIVERSITY GRADUATESVENTURE CAPITALVENTURE CAPITALISTSWORKERSWORLD ECONOMYYOUNG PEOPLEinsurance portabilityNorth-South migration